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Hadith: Difference between revisions
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More broadly, the word "Hadith" refers to the statements and actions of Muhammad as well as his [[companions]]. In the Shi'ite tradition, the term "Hadith" extends to include the statements and actions of the ''ahl al-bayt'' (Muhammad's descendants through Fatima, as well as the twelve Imams). | More broadly, the word "Hadith" refers to the statements and actions of Muhammad as well as his [[companions]]. In the Shi'ite tradition, the term "Hadith" extends to include the statements and actions of the ''ahl al-bayt'' (Muhammad's descendants through Fatima, as well as the twelve Imams). | ||
== | ==Religious and sectarian perspectives== | ||
===Oral traditions and early sectarianism=== | ===Oral traditions and early sectarianism=== | ||
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Despite this apparent rigor, the hadith would ultimately be compiled along sectarian, political, and polemical lines, generally with narrations supporting the compiling group's point of view (matn-based analysis playing no small part in this outcome). Today, [[Sunnis]] and [[Shi'ism|Shi'ites]] have separate collections of hadiths. That the meaning of "hadith" extended to include the sayings and doings of Muhammad's companions, many of whom would be deeply embroiled in the political turmoil that would follow Muhammad's death (prominently, [[Ali]] and [[Aisha]]), only facilitated the splitting of the tradition. | Despite this apparent rigor, the hadith would ultimately be compiled along sectarian, political, and polemical lines, generally with narrations supporting the compiling group's point of view (matn-based analysis playing no small part in this outcome). Today, [[Sunnis]] and [[Shi'ism|Shi'ites]] have separate collections of hadiths. That the meaning of "hadith" extended to include the sayings and doings of Muhammad's companions, many of whom would be deeply embroiled in the political turmoil that would follow Muhammad's death (prominently, [[Ali]] and [[Aisha]]), only facilitated the splitting of the tradition. | ||
===Sunni perspective=== | |||
The word '[[Sunni]]' comes from the word 'Sunnah', and most of the world's Muslims (as many as 80-90%)<ref name="rl">[http://www.religionfacts.com/islam/comparison_charts/islamic_sects.htm Comparison of Sunni and Shia Islam] - ReligionFacts</ref><ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/295507/Islam Islām] - Encyclopædia Britannica (2010)</ref><ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/574006/Sunnite Sunnite] - Encyclopædia Britannica (2010)</ref><ref name="pew">[http://pewforum.org/Muslim/Mapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population%286%29.aspx Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World’s Muslim Population] - Pew Research Center, October 7, 2009</ref><ref name="pew2">Tracy Miller - [http://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population] - Pew Research Center, October 2009</ref> follow this Sunni form of Islam. There are certain Hadith collections considered by most Sunnis to be trustworthy and these are commonly known as the ''Authentic Six''. Only two of them, however, are considered entirely authentic ([[sahih]]), and these are [[Sahih Bukhari|Bukhari]] and Muslim. These collections are second only to the Qur'an in authority. The others are from Abu Dawud, Tirmidhi, Nasa'i, and Ibn Majah. In strength, Malik's Muwatta' is placed just below the two Sahihs, but is not generally included among the authentic six.<ref>[http://www.abc.se/~m9783/n/vih_e.html Various Issues About Hadiths] - by Sh. G. F. Haddad</ref> | |||
===Shi'ite perspective=== | |||
In [[Shiite|Shi'ite]] Islam (approx 10-20% of the world's Muslim population)<ref name="rl" /><ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/540503/Shiite Shīʿite] - Encyclopædia Britannica Online (2010)</ref><ref name="pew" /><ref name="pew2" /> they have their own collections and are more particular in regards to the Hadith narrations they will accept. If a narrator was not a member of the Ahl al-Bayt (Muhammad's household) or one of their supporters, then the narration is typically rejected. For example, they reject narrations from Abu Huraira. Al-Kafi is considered the most reliable collection of Shi'ite hadith.<ref>[http://www.ahya.org/amm/modules.php?name=Sections&op=viewarticle&artid=72 Al Kafi - The Bukhari of Shi'ism] - AHYA</ref> | |||
===Qur'anist ("submitters", "Reformists", etc.)=== | |||
This minority group rejects the Hadith altogether and are classed as heretics by mainstream Islam. This "Qur'an-only" approach to the Islamic faith is not without [[Qur'an Only Islam - Why it is Not Possible|its criticisms]], as in the absence of hadith, much of Islamic ritual and religious history lacks basis. | |||
===Degrees of authenticity=== | ===Degrees of authenticity=== | ||
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Collections of hadith, unlike the Qur'an, are generally grouped topically, chronologically, or by the companion who is alleged to have narrated them (this last type of organization within a collection of hadith renders the work a ''musnad'', such as the ''Musnad'' ''of Imam Ahmad'').<ref>A. C. Brown, ''Hadith: an Introduction'', 2009</ref> | Collections of hadith, unlike the Qur'an, are generally grouped topically, chronologically, or by the companion who is alleged to have narrated them (this last type of organization within a collection of hadith renders the work a ''musnad'', such as the ''Musnad'' ''of Imam Ahmad'').<ref>A. C. Brown, ''Hadith: an Introduction'', 2009</ref> | ||
== | ===References in the Qur'an=== | ||
{{Quote|{{Quran|4|80}}|'''He who obeys the Messenger, obeys Allah''': But if any turn away, We have not sent thee to watch over their (evil deeds).}} | {{Quote|{{Quran|4|80}}|'''He who obeys the Messenger, obeys Allah''': But if any turn away, We have not sent thee to watch over their (evil deeds).}} | ||
{{Quote|{{Quran|7|158}}|Say: "O men! I am sent unto you all, as the Messenger of Allah, to Whom belongeth the dominion of the heavens and the earth: there is no god but He: it is He That giveth both life and death. '''So believe in Allah and His Messenger, the Unlettered Prophet, who believeth in Allah and His words: follow him that (so) ye may be guided'''."}} | {{Quote|{{Quran|7|158}}|Say: "O men! I am sent unto you all, as the Messenger of Allah, to Whom belongeth the dominion of the heavens and the earth: there is no god but He: it is He That giveth both life and death. '''So believe in Allah and His Messenger, the Unlettered Prophet, who believeth in Allah and His words: follow him that (so) ye may be guided'''."}} | ||
==Historians' views on the reliability of the hadith== | |||
==Historians' views on the | |||
Ignác Goldziher (d. 1921), considered one of the "founder[s] of modern Islamic studies in Europe", wrote the following: | Ignác Goldziher (d. 1921), considered one of the "founder[s] of modern Islamic studies in Europe", wrote the following: | ||
{{Quote|{{citation|author=Ignác Goldziher|year=1971|publisher=Allen and Unwin|volume=II|page=148|ISBN=|editor1=C.R. Barber|editor2=S.M. Stern|ISBN=9780042900094|title=Muslim Studies}}|It is not at all rare in the literature of traditions that sayings are ascribed to the Prophet which for a long time circulated in Islam under the authority of another name. So-called ''ahadith mawqufa'', i.e. sayings traced back to companions or even successors, were very easily transformed into ''ahadith marfu'a'', i.e. sayings traced back to the Prophet, by simply adding without much scruple a few names at random which were necessary to complete the chain.}} | {{Quote|{{citation|author=Ignác Goldziher|year=1971|publisher=Allen and Unwin|volume=II|page=148|ISBN=|editor1=C.R. Barber|editor2=S.M. Stern|ISBN=9780042900094|title=Muslim Studies}}|It is not at all rare in the literature of traditions that sayings are ascribed to the Prophet which for a long time circulated in Islam under the authority of another name. So-called ''ahadith mawqufa'', i.e. sayings traced back to companions or even successors, were very easily transformed into ''ahadith marfu'a'', i.e. sayings traced back to the Prophet, by simply adding without much scruple a few names at random which were necessary to complete the chain.}} | ||
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*[[Sahih Muslim]] | *[[Sahih Muslim]] | ||
*[[Sahih]] | *[[Sahih]] | ||
=== External links === | |||
==== Online hadith collections in English ==== | |||
*[{{Compendium-of-muslim-texts-base-url}}/hadith/bukhari/ Sahih Bukhari] | |||
*[{{Compendium-of-muslim-texts-base-url}}/hadith/muslim/ Sahih Muslim] | |||
*[{{Compendium-of-muslim-texts-base-url}}/hadith/abudawud/ Sunan Abu Dawud (partial)] | |||
*[{{Compendium-of-muslim-texts-base-url}}/hadith/muwatta/ Malik's Muwatta] | |||
*[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.scribd.com/doc/16768046/Jami-a-Tirmidhi-Sunan-alTirmidhi|2=2011-10-07}} Jami al-Tirmidhi] | |||
*[{{Compendium-of-muslim-texts-base-url}}/hadith/qudsi.php Hadith Qudsi] (hadith which contain non-Qur'anic words from Allah, repeated by Muhammad) | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||