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Jihad in Islamic Law: Difference between revisions
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This was in line with their interpretation that mere disbelief could qualify as "fitna". Javad Hashmi, an Islamic modernist and academic, notes the defensive principles apparent in the passage, and argues that in the Quran fitna simply means religious persecution, pointing to the related verse {{Quran|2|217}} quoted above which seems to define fitna in terms of obstruction of worship (though it also says "and disbelief in Him"<ref>Hashmi awkwardly glosses this as [while] disbelieving in Him, but perhaps "and to disbelief in Him" is a more plausible alternative in keeping with his definition of fitna i.e. they turn people from the way of Allah and to disbelief.</ref>).<ref name="HashmiPart12hr14to22">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9l_9WwaoDYQ Jihad, War and Peace in Islam by Dr. Javad Hashmi (Part 1)] - Youtube.com, April 2020 (see 2 hours 14 to 22minutes)</ref> {{Quran-range|8|34|39}} quoted below seems also to support the interpretation that fitna refers to oppression. | This was in line with their interpretation that mere disbelief could qualify as "fitna". Javad Hashmi, an Islamic modernist and academic, notes the defensive principles apparent in the passage, and argues that in the Quran fitna simply means religious persecution, pointing to the related verse {{Quran|2|217}} quoted above which seems to define fitna in terms of obstruction of worship (though it also says "and disbelief in Him"<ref>Hashmi awkwardly glosses this as [while] disbelieving in Him, but perhaps "and to disbelief in Him" is a more plausible alternative in keeping with his definition of fitna i.e. they turn people from the way of Allah and to disbelief.</ref>).<ref name="HashmiPart12hr14to22">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9l_9WwaoDYQ Jihad, War and Peace in Islam by Dr. Javad Hashmi (Part 1)] - Youtube.com, April 2020 (see 2 hours 14 to 22minutes)</ref> {{Quran-range|8|34|39}} quoted below seems also to support the interpretation that fitna refers to oppression. | ||
Medieval commentators such as al-Tabari interpreted the command to fight in Q 2:193 and Q 8:39 in terms of religious expansionism, supported by a famous hadith. Modernists question its authenticity (in line with the modern academic view that hadiths in general cannot be relied upon at face value). | Medieval commentators such as al-Tabari interpreted the command to fight in Q 2:193 and Q 8:39 in terms of religious expansionism, supported by a famous hadith shown below. Some scholars such as Ibn Hajar, author of the famous Fath al-Bari commentary on the Sahih al-Bukhari hadith collection, interpreted this hadith in a limited sense specific to the situation in Mecca and the need to fight the oppression taking place from there. Modernists typically question its authenticity altogether (in line with the modern academic view that hadiths in general cannot be relied upon at face value). | ||
{{Quote|{{Muslim|1|30}}|It is reported on the authority of Abu Huraira that the Messenger of Allah said: | {{Quote|{{Muslim|1|30}}|It is reported on the authority of Abu Huraira that the Messenger of Allah said: | ||
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==Jihad in Early Islam== | ==Jihad in Early Islam== | ||
{{Main|List of expeditions of Muhammad|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Muhammad and War}} | {{Main|List of expeditions of Muhammad|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Muhammad and War}} | ||
As discussed above, the sῑra-maghāzī literature contains an enormous amount of narrations on expeditions said to have been carried out by Muhammad and his companions. Historians increasingly filter this material through the lens of the Quran as the primary source for this period, and employ modern historical methods to assess its reliability in general and in specific cases, bearing in mind the political context in which they were compiled. | As discussed above, the sῑra-maghāzī literature contains an enormous amount of narrations on expeditions said to have been carried out by Muhammad and his companions. Historians increasingly filter this material through the lens of the Quran as the primary source for this period, and employ modern historical methods to assess its reliability in general and in specific cases, bearing in mind the political context in which they were compiled. A highly regarded compilation of evidence external to the Islamic tradition itself on the early Islamic conquests is Robert Hoyland's book ''Seeing Islam As Others Saw It: A Survey and Evaluation of Christian, Jewish and Zoroastrian Writings on Early Islam''.<ref>Robert Holand (1997) ''Seeing Islam As Others Saw It: A Survey and Evaluation of Christian, Jewish and Zoroastrian Writings on Early Islam'', Princeton, NJ: Darwin Press. ISBN 0-87850-125-8</ref> | ||
==Jihad in Classic Islamic Law== | ==Jihad in Classic Islamic Law== | ||
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===Offensive Jihad=== | ===Offensive Jihad=== | ||
{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Offensive Jihad}} | |||
Offensive jihad, known in Arabic as جهاد الطلب "jihad at-talab" ("the jihad of request", referring to the invitation to Islam which must be sent to the opposing infidels before hostilities may commence), was a concept developed by medieval exegetes and is understood in the classical sources as an offensive, expansionist struggle. According to Muslim scholar Dr. Hawarey, 80% of the battles Muhammad participated in were offensive.<ref>[http://military.hawarey.org/military_english.htm Military Operations in the Era of Prophet Mohammed (SAW)] - military.hawarey.org</ref> | Offensive jihad, known in Arabic as جهاد الطلب "jihad at-talab" ("the jihad of request", referring to the invitation to Islam which must be sent to the opposing infidels before hostilities may commence), was a concept developed by medieval exegetes and is understood in the classical sources as an offensive, expansionist struggle. According to Muslim scholar Dr. Hawarey, 80% of the battles Muhammad participated in were offensive.<ref>[http://military.hawarey.org/military_english.htm Military Operations in the Era of Prophet Mohammed (SAW)] - military.hawarey.org</ref> | ||
Modernist Islamic scholars consider the concept to be very much mistaken and linked to the imperial ideology of the early Caliphates. | Modernist Islamic scholars consider the concept to be very much mistaken and linked to the imperial ideology of the early Caliphates. | ||
===Defensive Jihad=== | ===Defensive Jihad=== | ||
{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Defensive Jihad}} | |||
Medieval Islamic scholars also considered jihad integral to the defensive needs of the Muslim lands. To modernist scholars and some academic scholars, military jihad is on a Quranic basis always a defense against oppression and aggression. | Medieval Islamic scholars also considered jihad integral to the defensive needs of the Muslim lands. To modernist scholars and some academic scholars, military jihad is on a Quranic basis always a defense against oppression and aggression. | ||
==Jihad in Modern Islam== | ==Jihad in Modern Islam== | ||