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L'age d'Aicha: Difference between revisions
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{{Quote|{{Bukhari|5|58|234}}|Rapporté par Aicha : Le Prophète (ﷺ) s'est fiancé avec moi quand j'étais une fillette (de six ans). Nous avons été à Médine et sommes restés chez les Banu al-Harith ibn Khazraj. Ensuite, je suis tombée malade et mes cheveux sont tombés. Plus tard, mes cheveux ont (de nouveau) poussé et ma mère, Um Ruman, est venue me voir alors que je jouais à la balançoire avec certaines de mes amies. Elle m'a appelée, et je suis allée vers elle, ne sachant pas ce qu'elle me voulait. Elle m'a attrapée par la main et m’a laissée debout devant la porte de la maison. J'étais alors essoufflée, et quand ma respiration est revenue à la normale, elle a pris de l'eau et m'a frottée le visage et la tête. Elle m'a emmenée ensuite dans la maison. Là, dans la maison, j’ai vu des femmes parmi les Ansars qui ont dit, "Meilleurs vœux, la bénédiction d'Allah et bonne chance." Puis, elle m’a confiée à elles qui m’ont préparée (pour le mariage). De façon inattendue, l'Apôtre d'Allah est venu vers moi dans la matinée et ma mère m’a remise à lui, et à ce moment-là, je n’étais qu’une fillette de neuf ans. | {{Quote|{{Bukhari|5|58|234}}|Rapporté par Aicha : Le Prophète (ﷺ) s'est fiancé avec moi quand j'étais une fillette (de six ans). Nous avons été à Médine et sommes restés chez les Banu al-Harith ibn Khazraj. Ensuite, je suis tombée malade et mes cheveux sont tombés. Plus tard, mes cheveux ont (de nouveau) poussé et ma mère, Um Ruman, est venue me voir alors que je jouais à la balançoire avec certaines de mes amies. Elle m'a appelée, et je suis allée vers elle, ne sachant pas ce qu'elle me voulait. Elle m'a attrapée par la main et m’a laissée debout devant la porte de la maison. J'étais alors essoufflée, et quand ma respiration est revenue à la normale, elle a pris de l'eau et m'a frottée le visage et la tête. Elle m'a emmenée ensuite dans la maison. Là, dans la maison, j’ai vu des femmes parmi les Ansars qui ont dit, "Meilleurs vœux, la bénédiction d'Allah et bonne chance." Puis, elle m’a confiée à elles qui m’ont préparée (pour le mariage). De façon inattendue, l'Apôtre d'Allah est venu vers moi dans la matinée et ma mère m’a remise à lui, et à ce moment-là, je n’étais qu’une fillette de neuf ans. | ||
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{{Quote|{{Bukhari|8|73|151}}|Aicha a rapporté : J'avais l'habitude de jouer avec les poupées en présence du Prophète, et mes amies jouaient aussi avec moi. Quand l'Apôtre d'Allah se permettait d’entrer (le lieu où je vivais), elles avaient l'habitude de se cacher, mais le Prophète les appelait pour qu'elles se joignent et jouent avec moi. (Jouer avec des poupées et des représentations similaires est interdit, mais cela était autorisé pour Aicha à cette époque, puisque c’était une petite fille qui n’avait pas encore atteint l'âge de la puberté). (voir aussi | {{Quote|{{Bukhari|8|73|151}}|Aicha a rapporté : J'avais l'habitude de jouer avec les poupées en présence du Prophète, et mes amies jouaient aussi avec moi. Quand l'Apôtre d'Allah se permettait d’entrer (le lieu où je vivais), elles avaient l'habitude de se cacher, mais le Prophète les appelait pour qu'elles se joignent et jouent avec moi. (Jouer avec des poupées et des représentations similaires est interdit, mais cela était autorisé pour Aicha à cette époque, puisque c’était une petite fille qui n’avait pas encore atteint l'âge de la puberté). (voir aussi Fath'ul Bâri page 143, Vol.13)}}Le neveu d’Aicha, Urwa ibn Al-Zubayr (mort en 94 après l’hégire) aurait écrit un certain nombre de lettres historiographiques à la fin de la cour Omeyyades que les historiens modernes, tels que le professeur Sean Anthony, considèrent comme une source importante sur les débuts de l’histoire islamique. Dans l’une d’elles, Urwa parle du mariage de sa tante :{{Quote|Letter from 'Urwa recorded in volume 9 of al-Tabari's History, quoted in ''Muhammad and the Empires of Faith'' by Sean Anthony<ref>Sean Anthony, Muhammad and the Empires of Faith: The making of the Prophet of Islam, Oakland CA: University of California, 2020, pp. 114-15</ref>|§1. ʿAlī ibn Naṣr related to us, saying: ʿAbd al-Ṣamad ibn ʿAbd al-Wārith related to us, and ʿAbd al-Wārith ibn ʿabd al-Ṣamad also related to me, saying: my father related to me, saying: Abān al-ʿAṭṭār related to us, saying: Hishām ibn ʿUrwah related to us from ʿUrwah that he wrote to ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Marwān:<BR /> | ||
{{Quote| | §2. You have written to me regarding Khadījah bint Khuwaylid and you ask, "When did she pass away?" She passed away before the departure of God's Messenger from Mecca by three years, or thereabouts. He married ʿĀʾishah once Khadījah had passed away. The Messenger of God saw ʿĀʾishah twice [before that] and was told, "She will be your wife." On that day ʿĀʾishah was six years old. Then the Messenger of God consumated his marriage with ʿĀʾishah after he had gone to Medina, and the day he consummated his marriage with her she was nine years old.}}The marital age narration was also incorporated into traditions circulating in Kufah about the virtues of Aisha:{{Quote|{{Tabari|7|pp. 6-7}}|According to Abd al-Hamid b. Bayan al-Sukkari - Muhammad b. Yazid - Ismai'il (that is Ibn Abi Khalid) - Abd al-Rahman b. Abi al- Dahhak - a man from Quraysh - Abd al-Rahman b. Muhammad: "Abd Allah b. Safwan together with another person came to Aishah and Aishah said (to the latter), "O so and so, have you heard what Hafsah has been saying?" He said, "Yes, o Mother of the Faithful." Abd Allah b. Safwan asked her, "What is that?" She replied, "There are nine special features in me that have not been in any woman, except for what God bestowed on Maryam bt. Imran. By God, I do not say this to exalt myself over any of my companions." "What are these?" he asked. She replied, "The angel brought down my likeness; '''the Messenger of God married me when I was seven; my marriage was consummated when I was nine; he married me when I was a virgin,'''no other man having shared me with him; inspiration came to him when he and I were in a single blanket; I was one of the dearest people to him, a verse of the Qur’an was revealed concerning me when the community was almost destroyed; I saw Gabriel when none of his other wives saw him; and he was taken (that is, died) in his house when there was nobody with him but the angel and myself."<BR>According to Abu Ja‘far (Al-Tabari): The Messenger of God married her, so it is said, in Shawwal, and consummated his marriage to her in a later year, also in Shawwal.}}In the incident of the slander (al-ifk), widely reported in Sahih Bukhari and Sahih Muslim, Aisha was accused of committing adultery after she was left behind by the caravan.{{Quote|{{Bukhari|3|48|829}}|Narrated Aisha: | ||
{{Quote|{{Tabari|7|pp. 6-7}}|According to Abd al-Hamid b. Bayan al-Sukkari - Muhammad b. Yazid - Ismai'il (that is Ibn Abi Khalid) - Abd al-Rahman b. Abi al- Dahhak - a man from Quraysh - Abd al-Rahman b. Muhammad: "Abd Allah b. Safwan together with another person came to Aishah and Aishah said (to the latter), "O so and so, have you heard what Hafsah has been saying?" He said, "Yes, o Mother of the Faithful." Abd Allah b. Safwan asked her, "What is that?" She replied, "There are nine special features in me that have not been in any woman, except for what God bestowed on Maryam bt. Imran. By God, I do not say this to exalt myself over any of my companions." "What are these?" he asked. She replied, "The angel brought down my likeness; '''the Messenger of God married me when I was seven; my marriage was consummated when I was nine; he married me when I was a virgin,'''no other man having shared me with him; inspiration came to him when he and I were in a single blanket; I was one of the dearest people to him, a verse of the Qur’an was revealed concerning me when the community was almost destroyed; I saw Gabriel when none of his other wives saw him; and he was taken (that is, died) in his house when there was nobody with him but the angel and myself."<BR>According to Abu Ja‘far (Al-Tabari): The Messenger of God married her, so it is said, in Shawwal, and consummated his marriage to her in a later year, also in Shawwal.}} | . | ||
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That night I kept on weeping and could not sleep till morning. In the morning Allah's Apostle called Ali bin Abu Talib and Usama bin Zaid when he saw the Divine Inspiration delayed, to consul them about divorcing his wife (i.e. 'Aisha). Usama bin Zaid said what he knew of the good reputation of his wives and added, 'O Allah's Apostle! Keep you wife, for, by Allah, we know nothing about her but good.' 'Ali bin Abu Talib said, 'O Allah's Apostle! Allah has no imposed restrictions on you, and there are many women other than she, yet you may ask the woman-servant who will tell you the truth.' On that Allah's Apostle called Buraira and said, 'O Burair. Did you ever see anything which roused your suspicions about her?' Buraira said, 'No, by Allah Who has sent you with the Truth, I have never seen in her anything faulty '''except that she is a girl of immature age''', who sometimes sleeps and leaves the dough for the goats to eat.' | |||
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'''I was a young girl''' and did not have much knowledge of the Quran. I said. 'I know, by Allah, that you have listened to what people are saying and that has been planted in your minds and you have taken it as a truth. Now, if I told you that I am innocent and Allah knows that I am innocent, you would not believe me and if I confessed to you falsely that I am guilty, and Allah knows that I am innocent you would believe me.}}In the narrations of this incident which almost led to Muhammad divorcing her, Aisha is repeatedly referred to as a girl of young age (jariyatun hadithatu s-sinni جَارِيَةٌ حَدِيثَةُ السِّنِّ), twice by herself, and once by her slave-girl, Buraira. Aisha states "At that time I was a young lady", and "I was a young girl and did not have much knowledge of the Quran" (both use the same arabic phrase just mentioned). Buraira says, "I have never seen in her anything faulty except that she is a girl of immature age, who sometimes sleeps and leaves the dough for the goats to eat." | |||
The detailed hadith of this incident is widely transmitted from Aisha through 'Urwa b. al-Zubayr (her nephew), through his student Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri. A brief answer to a question about the names of her accusers (though with no further detail) also appears in a letter by 'Urwa, transmitted through his son, Hisham.<ref>An analysis of the hadith transmission is summarized on pp. 34-37 of Goerke, A, Motzki, H & Schoeler, G (2012) [https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/12692843/First_Century_Sources_for_the_Life_of_Muhammad_a_debate.pdf First-Century Sources for the Life of Muhammad? A Debate], Der Islam, vol. 89, no. 2, pp. 2-59. https://doi.org/10.1515/islam-2012-0002</ref> | |||
The same phrase occurs in narrations about Muhammad screening Aisha with his garment when some Ethiopians were playing (e.g. {{Bukhari|7|62|163}}). One version of a hadith about Aisha experiencing menstruation while on pilgrimage to Mecca too describes her uses the same phrase ({{Muslim|2|2773}}) though the other narrations of that hadith do not include the phrase (one explicitly points out its absence: {{Muslim|7|2774}}). | |||
==Apologetic history== | ==Apologetic history== | ||