Scientific Errors in the Quran: Difference between revisions

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Scientific Errors in the Quran (view source)

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(→‎Seven heavens: Have added in a line explaining that the Earth is never mentioned as being in the 7 heavens (as you would probably expect with modern cosmology understanding), but rather its own separate entity.)
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See ye not how Allah has created the seven heavens one above another}}
See ye not how Allah has created the seven heavens one above another}}


Some modern Islamic scholars have argued that these verses refer to the seven layers of the atmosphere. However, {{Quran|37|6}} states that stars occupy the nearest heaven. Additionally, there are 5 rather than 7 principal layers to the [[W:Atmosphere of Earth|Earth's atmosphere]], and likewise only 5 rather than 7 major layers to the [[w:Structure_of_Earth|Earth itself]].
Some modern Islamic scholars have argued that these verses refer to the seven layers of the atmosphere. However, {{Quran|37|6}} and {{Quran|67|5}} state that stars occupy the nearest heaven. Additionally, there are 5 rather than 7 principal layers to the [[W:Atmosphere of Earth|Earth's atmosphere]], and likewise only 5 rather than 7 major layers to the [[w:Structure_of_Earth|Earth itself]].


{{Quote|{{Quran|37|6}}| Surely We have adorned the nearest heaven with an adornment, the stars}}And other verses such as:
{{Quote|{{Quran|37|6}}| Surely We have adorned the nearest heaven with an adornment, the stars}}
{{Quote|{{Quran|67|5}}|And We adorned the lower heaven with lamps, and made them things to stone Satans; and We have prepared for them the chastisement of the Blaze.}}
The above verses also state that stars are in the lowest/nearest heaven, yet the Earth is never described as being in the lowest/nearest heaven as you might expect given our modern understanding of the universe. (I.e. as Earth being a relatively minuscule ball in the cosmos - being the 3rd planet in our Inner Solar System, of the Orion Arm of the Milky Way Galaxy, as part of the Virgo Supercluster, which is part of the wider Laniakea Supercluster (which it itself one of many),<ref>https://aaa.org/2022/08/01/our-cosmic-address-where-is-earth-situated-in-the-univers</ref> being surrounded by the same things that other stars and planets are).


But rather it is described as a separate entity that was split from the heavens ([https://quranx.com/21.30 Quran 21:30]).  
The Quran never indicates that the Earth itself is within this lowest/nearest heaven along with the other planets and stars (the Earth is the 3rd planet in our Inner Solar System, of the Orion Arm of the Milky Way Galaxy, which is part of the Virgo Supercluster within the wider Laniakea Supercluster, itself one of many<ref>[https://aaa.org/2022/08/01/our-cosmic-address-where-is-earth-situated-in-the-univers Our Cosmic Address: Where is Earth Situated in the Universe?] - Simone Lilavois - Amateur Astronomers Association, 1 August 2022</ref>). As discussed above, rather Earth is described as a separate entity that was torn apart from the heavens ({{Quran|21|30}}).  


===Implied similar size and distance of the sun and moon===
===Implied similar size and distance of the sun and moon===
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===Flat Earth===
===Flat Earth===
{{Main|Islamic_Views_on_the_Shape_of_the_Earth|l1=Islamic Views on the Shape of the Earth}}The Qur'an and other Islamic [[scriptures]] imply, adhere to, and describe a flat-Earth cosmography ([[Geocentrism and the Quran|arranged in a geocentric system]]) which conceives of the earth as existing in the form of a large plane or disk. The later idea that Islamic scriptures themselves indicated a spherical Earth was a creative act of reinterpretation as this view became more prominent due to advances in astronomy. Similarly, attempts to explain Quranic verses about the earth only in terms of local flatness at a human level, non-literal readings, and/or by adding context to them never explicitly stated, are often challenged by critics using contextual arguments, as discussed in the [[Islamic Views on the Shape of the Earth|main article]].
{{Main|Islamic_Views_on_the_Shape_of_the_Earth|l1=Islamic Views on the Shape of the Earth}}The Qur'an describes a flat-Earth cosmography. The later idea that Islamic scriptures themselves indicated a spherical Earth was a creative act of reinterpretation as this view became more prominent due to advances in astronomy. Attempts to explain Quranic verses about the Earth only in terms of local flatness at a human level, non-literal readings, and/or by adding context to them never explicitly stated, are often challenged by critics, as discussed in the [[Islamic Views on the Shape of the Earth|main article]], which also contains further evidence and verses beyond those listed here.


====Fasting and prayer requirements near the Poles====
====Fasting and prayer requirements near the Poles====
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''Main article: [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Witchcraft and the Occult]]''
''Main article: [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Witchcraft and the Occult]]''


The verse 113:4 (Those who blow on knots), is believed to be referring to those who practice magic,<ref>https://surahquran.com/english-aya-4-sora-113.html</ref><ref>https://versebyversequranstudycircle.wordpress.com/2012/07/23/tafseer-of-surah-al-falaq-part-4/</ref> with knots being commonly associated with magic in antiquity.<ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/1520741</ref>
There is no evidence that magic is real, yet {{Quran|113|4}} ("evil of those who blow on knots") is reported in commentaries as referring to those who practice magic, and the next verse {{Quran|113|5}} ("evil of the envious when he envies) as referring to a superstitious belief known as 'The Evil Eye', a physical and mental supernatural condition that affects those who envy, further explained in the [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Witchcraft and the Occult|main article]].<ref>[https://quranx.com/tafsirs/113.4 Tafsirs for Quran 113:4-5]</ref>
{{Quote|{{Quran|113|1-5}}|1. Say: I seek refuge in the Lord of the dawn
{{Quote|{{Quran|113|1-5}}|1. Say: I seek refuge in the Lord of the dawn<BR />
2. From the evil of what He has created
2. From the evil of what He has created<BR />
3. And from the evil of the utterly dark night when it comes
3. And from the evil of the utterly dark night when it comes<BR />
<b>4. And from the evil of those who blow on knots
<b>4. And from the evil of those who blow on knots<BR />
5. And from the evil of the envious when he envies</b>}}
5. And from the evil of the envious when he envies</b>}}
And verse 113:5 (evil of the envious when he envies) is believed to be referring to a superstitious belief known as 'The Evil Eye', a physical and mental supernatural condition that affects those who envy, further explained in the [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Witchcraft and the Occult|main article]].


At least once, angels ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harut_and_Marut#:~:text=Harut%20and%20Marut%20(Arabic%3A%20%D9%87%D9%8E%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8F%D9%88%D9%92%D8%AA,Babylon%20and%20teach%20humans%20magic. Harut and Marut] are named in this verse) and satans (believed to be jinn) teach humans magic:
At least once, angels ([[w:Harut and Marut|Harut and Marut]] are named in this verse) and satans (believed to be jinn) teach humans magic:
{{Quote|{{Quran2|102}}|and they follow what the Satans recited over Solomon's kingdom. Solomon disbelieved not, but the Satans disbelieved, <b>teaching the people sorcery,</b> and that which was sent down upon Babylon's two angels, Harut and Marut; they taught not any man, without they said, 'We are but a temptation; do not disbelieve.' From them they learned how they might divide a man and his wife, yet they did not hurt any man thereby, save by the leave of God, and they learned what hurt them, and did not profit them, knowing well that whoso buys it shall have no share in the world to come; evil then was that they sold themselves for, if they had but known.}}
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|102}}|and they follow what the Satans recited over Solomon's kingdom. Solomon disbelieved not, but the Satans disbelieved, <b>teaching the people sorcery,</b> and that which was sent down upon Babylon's two angels, Harut and Marut; they taught not any man, without they said, 'We are but a temptation; do not disbelieve.' From them they learned how they might divide a man and his wife, yet they did not hurt any man thereby, save by the leave of God, and they learned what hurt them, and did not profit them, knowing well that whoso buys it shall have no share in the world to come; evil then was that they sold themselves for, if they had but known.}}
There is no evidence that magic is real.


===Living inside a big fish===
===Living inside a big fish===
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