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→Different Ranks of Believers in Paradise
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He notes a parallel that paradise comprises different ranks/orders is found in Ephrem's Hymns of Paradise (e.g. 2:10-13), and the vocabulary he employs in this context includes the Syriac word ''dargā'', a cognate of the Arabic ''darajah'' used in the Qur'an. And that both the present world and the hereafter are portrayed as hierarchical, with earthly dualities (e.g., day/night, male/female) foreshadowing ultimate salvation or damnation - and that this way of thinking (worldly structures anticipate the stratified reality of the afterlife) parallels other traditions, such as Ephrem’s view of paradise as prefigured in sacred history (e.g., on Noah’s ark). | He notes a parallel that paradise comprises different ranks/orders is found in Ephrem's Hymns of Paradise (e.g. 2:10-13), and the vocabulary he employs in this context includes the Syriac word ''dargā'', a cognate of the Arabic ''darajah'' used in the Qur'an. And that both the present world and the hereafter are portrayed as hierarchical, with earthly dualities (e.g., day/night, male/female) foreshadowing ultimate salvation or damnation - and that this way of thinking (worldly structures anticipate the stratified reality of the afterlife) parallels other traditions, such as Ephrem’s view of paradise as prefigured in sacred history (e.g., on Noah’s ark). | ||
== Different Ranks of Believers in Paradise == | |||
{{Quote|{{Quran|17|21}}|See, how We have exalted some above others in this world, and in the Life to Come they will have higher ranks and greater degrees of excellence over others.}}{{Quote|{{Quran|8|4}}|It is they who are truly the faithful. They shall have ranks near their Lord, forgiveness and a noble provision.}}{{Quote|{{Quran|46|19}}|Of these all have ranks according to their deeds so that Allah may fully recompense them for their deeds. They shall not be wronged.}}Just like people on earth are not equal, with many having different ranks ''<nowiki/>'darajāt'''<ref>''darajah'' - [https://lexicon.quranic-research.net/pdf/Page_0869.pdf Lanes Lexicon Classical Arabic Dictionary p.869] | |||
Lane's Lexicon Quranic Research - [https://lexicon.quranic-research.net/data/08_d/044_drj.html ''root درج'']</ref> (e.g. men are a rank above women {{Quran|2|228}}, some messengers are ranked higher than others {{Quran|2|253}}, and people generally {{Quran|6|165}}),<ref>See uses of the word for ranks/degrees applied to people in the Qur'an on the noun section of [https://corpus.quran.com/qurandictionary.jsp?q=drj Qur'an Corpus root ''dāl rā jīm'' (د ر ج) page]</ref> those in the afterlife among the believers similarly have different ranks/degrees.<ref>''darajah | rank'' Sinai, Nicolai. ''Key Terms of the Qur'an: A Critical Dictionary (p.283-289).'' Princeton University Press. Kindle Edition.</ref> Sinai (2023) notes verses such as {{Quran|8|2-4}}, {{Quran|20|75}}, {{Quran|4|95–96}}, {{Quran|9|20}} and {{Quran|58|11}} suggest that degrees of belief, action, and knowledge appear lead to these differences in eschatological rewards''.''<ref>Ibid pp. 288. | |||
''As one would expect, those who believe and do righteous deeds will have “the highest ranks” (Q 20:75: fa-ulāʾika lahumu l-darajātu l-ʿulā). But there also seem to be differences of rank among the believers themselves. For instance, God “favours in rank” (faḍḍala … darajatan) those who “contend (→ jāhada) by means of their possessions and their lives” over those who remain sitting at home (Q 4:95–96; cf. also 9:20), and according to Q 57:10, those who have “spent and contended before the decisive success (al-fatḥ)”—meaning probably before the conquest of Mecca<sup>10</sup>—are “greater in rank” than those who only did so afterwards. It follows that disparities of merit among believers must correspond to different levels of eschatological reward.''</ref> This idea is further confirmed in hadith, such as {{Bukhari|9|93|519}} and Qur'anic commentaries.<ref>E.g. commentaries on [https://quranx.com/tafsirs/46.19 Q46:19], [https://quranx.com/tafsirs/8.4 Q8:4], [https://quranx.com/Tafsirs/17.21 Q17:21] or any other verse listed in this section.</ref> | |||
He notes a parallel that paradise comprises different ranks/orders is found in Ephrem's Hymns of Paradise (e.g. 2:10-13), and the vocabulary he employs in this context includes the Syriac word ''dargā'', a cognate of the Arabic ''darajah'' used in the Qur'an.<ref name=":02">''darajah | rank'' Sinai, Nicolai. ''Key Terms of the Qur'an: A Critical Dictionary (pp. 289)''. Kindle Edition. | |||
These hymns can be read: [https://ia803106.us.archive.org/4/items/syrarch334903/St.%20Ephrem%20the%20Syrian%20-%20Hymns%20on%20Paradise%20%28Sebastian%20Brock%29.pdf ''SAINT EPHREM HYMNS ON PARADISE''] Introduction and translation by Sebastian Brock. St Vladmimir's Seminary Press, Crestwoof, New York, 1990. E.g. Hymn 2 on pp. 84-89 (p.82-87/239 of the PDF)</ref> And that both the present world and the hereafter are portrayed as hierarchical, with earthly dualities (e.g., day/night, male/female) foreshadowing ultimate salvation or damnation - and that this way of thinking (worldly structures anticipate the stratified reality of the afterlife) parallels other traditions, such as Ephrem’s view of paradise as prefigured in sacred history (e.g., on Noah’s ark).<ref name=":02" /> | |||
==Jinn help Solomon build temples== | ==Jinn help Solomon build temples== | ||