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→Late antique Christian Martyrdom
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{{Quote|{{Quran|67|3}}|He created seven heavens in layers. You do not see any discordance in the creation of the All-beneficent. Look again! Do you see any flaw?}}The idea of multiple layered heavens above each other, including seven among other numbers, dates back to at least ancient Mesopotamian times.<ref>''Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography.'' Wayne Horowitz. Eisenbrauns. 1998. <nowiki>ISBN 9780931464997</nowiki>. ''Chapter "Seven Heavens and Seven Earths". pp. 208-222.'' Read PDF online for free on internetarchive.org: [https://ia800904.us.archive.org/3/items/HorowitzmesopotamianCosmicGeographyMesopotamianCivilizations/horowitzmesopotamian%20cosmic%20geography%20mesopotamian%20civilizations%20-.pdf ''horowitzmesopotamian cosmic geography mesopotamian civilizations -.pdf'']</ref> The seven skies/heavens however, are not mentioned in the bible, though a 'third' heaven is specifically mentioned in the new Testament with [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Corinthians%2012%3A2&version=NIV Corinthians 12:2]. Reynolds (2018) notes that the cosmology of seven heavens specifically however is found in both Jewish Talmudic and apocrypha texts (e.g., BT, Ḥagīgā, 12b) and Christian traditions (e.g. church fathers, Irenaeus (Proof of the Apostolic Preaching 9); in the Ascension of Isaiah, a composite text extant in Ethiopic with Jewish origins but redacted by Christians, Isaiah travels to the seventh heaven.<ref>Reynolds, Gabriel Said. ''The Qur'an and the Bible: Text and Commentary. pp. 843.'' Yale University Press, 2018.</ref> Other non-biblical Judeo-Christian works range in the number of heavens, including three (family α of Testament of Levi), five (3 Baruch), and seven (long and shorter recensions of 2 Enoch).<ref>Stephen Wunrow. 2022. Biblical Research. ''[https://www.academia.edu/90568147/Paul_among_the_Travelers_into_Heaven_2_Corinthians_12_1_4_and_Other_Early_Jewish_and_Christian_Ascent_Texts Paul among the Travelers into Heaven: 2 Corinthians 12:1–4 and Other Early Jewish and Christian Ascent Texts.] pp.39-41.''</ref> | {{Quote|{{Quran|67|3}}|He created seven heavens in layers. You do not see any discordance in the creation of the All-beneficent. Look again! Do you see any flaw?}}The idea of multiple layered heavens above each other, including seven among other numbers, dates back to at least ancient Mesopotamian times.<ref>''Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography.'' Wayne Horowitz. Eisenbrauns. 1998. <nowiki>ISBN 9780931464997</nowiki>. ''Chapter "Seven Heavens and Seven Earths". pp. 208-222.'' Read PDF online for free on internetarchive.org: [https://ia800904.us.archive.org/3/items/HorowitzmesopotamianCosmicGeographyMesopotamianCivilizations/horowitzmesopotamian%20cosmic%20geography%20mesopotamian%20civilizations%20-.pdf ''horowitzmesopotamian cosmic geography mesopotamian civilizations -.pdf'']</ref> The seven skies/heavens however, are not mentioned in the bible, though a 'third' heaven is specifically mentioned in the new Testament with [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Corinthians%2012%3A2&version=NIV Corinthians 12:2]. Reynolds (2018) notes that the cosmology of seven heavens specifically however is found in both Jewish Talmudic and apocrypha texts (e.g., BT, Ḥagīgā, 12b) and Christian traditions (e.g. church fathers, Irenaeus (Proof of the Apostolic Preaching 9); in the Ascension of Isaiah, a composite text extant in Ethiopic with Jewish origins but redacted by Christians, Isaiah travels to the seventh heaven.<ref>Reynolds, Gabriel Said. ''The Qur'an and the Bible: Text and Commentary. pp. 843.'' Yale University Press, 2018.</ref> Other non-biblical Judeo-Christian works range in the number of heavens, including three (family α of Testament of Levi), five (3 Baruch), and seven (long and shorter recensions of 2 Enoch).<ref>Stephen Wunrow. 2022. Biblical Research. ''[https://www.academia.edu/90568147/Paul_among_the_Travelers_into_Heaven_2_Corinthians_12_1_4_and_Other_Early_Jewish_and_Christian_Ascent_Texts Paul among the Travelers into Heaven: 2 Corinthians 12:1–4 and Other Early Jewish and Christian Ascent Texts.] pp.39-41.''</ref> | ||
==Late antique Christian Martyrdom== | ==Late antique Christian Martyrdom== | ||
'''LINK TO [[Shaheed (Martyr)]] and vice versa''' | |||
Durie (2018) notes the violence of the Qur'an shares more commonality with contemporary late antique religious (primarily Christian) violence and warfare rather than being directly biblically based.<ref>Durie, Mark. ''The Qur’an and Its Biblical Reflexes: Investigations into the Genesis of a Religion.'' Lexington Books. 2018. Pp. 229 -237. (Kindle Edition: pp. 423-439). 6.9 Stories of Fighting Prophets</ref> | Durie (2018) notes the violence of the Qur'an shares more commonality with contemporary late antique religious (primarily Christian) violence and warfare rather than being directly biblically based.<ref>Durie, Mark. ''The Qur’an and Its Biblical Reflexes: Investigations into the Genesis of a Religion.'' Lexington Books. 2018. Pp. 229 -237. (Kindle Edition: pp. 423-439). 6.9 Stories of Fighting Prophets</ref> | ||