Iltifat: Difference between revisions

Iltifat (view source)

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 Iltifāt (التفات, iltifaat), also known as grammatical shift, refers to places where the Quranic text makes an unexpected switch of grammatical person (1st, 2nd, 3rd person) in pronouns referring to the same person or thing. Switches in pronoun number (singular, dual, plural) were also termed iltifāt or said to be related to iltifāt. Also considered by some scholars as iltifāt are unexpected changes of addressee, change of verb tense, change of grammatical case, and using a noun in place of a pronoun.<ref name="Haleem">M. A. S. Abdel Haleem (1992) [https://soas-repository.worktribe.com/output/411099 Grammatical Shift for rhetorical purposes: Iltifāt and related features in the Qurʾān] Qur'ān. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 55(3), 407-432. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X00003621</ref>
-Iltifāt is employed to a much greater extent and variety in the Quran than in pre Islamic or early Arab poetry and is an important technique in creating its distinctive style. In general, in the Quran these features seem to be intentional in order to achieve some rhetorical effect or for the sake of variety in pronouns. Some examples such as 19:63-64 and 10:22 discussed below have attacted criticism, however. There are also examples which some Muslim scholars have excused as iltifat but which, according to academic scholars, just seem to be unintended grammatical errors. This could indicate problems with the composition or preservation of the Quran. Some of these, as well as other grammatical errors, were even reportedly explained by Aisha and other companions as errors made by the first scribes to write down the Quran.
+Iltifāt is employed to a much greater extent and variety in the Quran than in pre Islamic or early Arab poetry and is an important technique in creating its distinctive style. In general, in the Quran these features seem to be intentional in order to achieve some rhetorical effect or for the sake of variety in pronouns. Some examples such as 19:63-64 and 10:22 discussed below have attracted criticism, however. There are also examples which some Muslim scholars have excused as iltifat but which, according to academic scholars, just seem to be unintended grammatical errors. This could indicate problems with the composition or preservation of the Quran. Some of these, as well as other grammatical errors, were even reportedly explained by Aisha and other companions as errors made by the first scribes to write down the Quran.
 ==Academic views==