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Invitation to Islam Prior to Jihad (view source)

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The practice of inviting non-Muslim nations to join [[Islam]] or pay the [[Jizyah]] prior to engaging in offensive [[Jihad]] ultimately derives from {{Quran|9|29}}, and traditionally was first initiated by the Prophet [[Muhammad]]. His [[Sunnah|example]] was then followed by the Rightly-Guided [[Caliph]]s and the leaders of Islamic empires, codified within the Islamic [[Shari'ah (Islamic Law)|Shari'ah]]<ref>Ahmad Ibn Lulu Ibn Al-Naqib, translated by Noah Ha Mim Keller - [http://www.amazon.com/Reliance-Traveller-Classic-Islamic-Al-Salik/dp/0915957728 Reliance of the Traveller: The Classic Manual of Islamic Sacred Law Umdat Al-Salik (o9.0-8)] - Published by Amana Corporation; Revised edition (July 1, 1997), ISBN-13: 978-0915957729</ref> and is today implemented by various Islamist leaders and terrorist organizations. A number of letters of this nature are purported to have been authored by Muhammad to the leaders of various nations before they succumbed to Islamic conquest. They are recorded in various literary sources. Professor Sean Anthony suggests that the Heraclius letter served as a model that expanded the prophetic letter topos to include other rulers. The purported letter to Heraclius itself is narrated by al-Zuhri and includes a word distinctive of Christian Palestinian Aramaic. Anthony suggests that al-Zuhri's source text did not include the orginal letter, if it ever existed.  A source external to the Islamic tradition, the Armenian historian Pseudo-Sebeos in the 660s CE mentions a letter sent from "the Ismaelites" to Heraclius.<ref name="Anthony">Sean Anthony, ''Muhammad and the Empires of Faith: The making of the Prophet of Islam'', Oakland CA: University of California, 2020, pp. 194-6</ref> Manuscripts purported to be the original letters sent by Muhammad are known to be forgeries.<ref>See this [https://twitter.com/PhDniX/status/1115340718711635970 Twitter thread] by Dr Marijn van Putten. Twitter.com 8 April 2019 ([https://web.archive.org/web/20191108000922/https://twitter.com/PhDniX/status/1115340718711635970 archive])</ref>
The practice of inviting non-Muslim nations to join [[Islam]] or pay the [[Jizyah]] prior to engaging in offensive [[Jihad]] derives from {{Quran|9|29}}, and according to tradition, it was first initiated by the Prophet [[Muhammad]]. His [[Sunnah|example]] was then followed by the Rashidun [[Caliph]]s and leaders of Islamic empires and codified within the Islamic [[Shari'ah (Islamic Law)|Shari'ah]]<ref>Ahmad Ibn Lulu Ibn Al-Naqib, translated by Noah Ha Mim Keller - [http://www.amazon.com/Reliance-Traveller-Classic-Islamic-Al-Salik/dp/0915957728 Reliance of the Traveller: The Classic Manual of Islamic Sacred Law Umdat Al-Salik (o9.0-8)] - Published by Amana Corporation; Revised edition (July 1, 1997), ISBN-13: 978-0915957729</ref>, which is today implemented by various Islamist leaders and militant terrorist organizations.  
 
A number of letters inviting other nations into Islam were purportedly authored by Muhammad before these nations succumbed to Islamic conquest. They are recorded in various literary sources. Purported manuscripts of original letters sent by Muhammad are known to be forgeries.<ref>See this [https://twitter.com/PhDniX/status/1115340718711635970 Twitter thread] by Dr Marijn van Putten. Twitter.com 8 April 2019 ([https://web.archive.org/web/20191108000922/https://twitter.com/PhDniX/status/1115340718711635970 archive])</ref>


[[File:Muhammad-Letter-To-Heraclius.jpg|thumb|right|270px|Letter sent by Prophet [[Muhammad]] to Heraclius, emperor of Byzantium.<ref>Khan, Dr. Majid Ali (1998). Muhammad The Final Messenger. Islamic Book Service, New Delhi, 110002 (India). ISBN 81-85738-25-4</ref>]]
[[File:Muhammad-Letter-To-Heraclius.jpg|thumb|right|270px|Letter sent by Prophet [[Muhammad]] to Heraclius, emperor of Byzantium.<ref>Khan, Dr. Majid Ali (1998). Muhammad The Final Messenger. Islamic Book Service, New Delhi, 110002 (India). ISBN 81-85738-25-4</ref>]]
==Historical==
==Historical==
===The Ishmaelites to Heraclius===
===The Ishmaelites to Heraclius===
Drawing from what he says is a Palestinian source, an Armenian historian known as Pseudo-Sebeos writing in the 660s CE mentions a letter sent from the Ishmaelites to Heraclius. The text of the letter as he records it is given below.<ref name="Anthony" />
Drawing from what he claims is a Palestinian source, seventh-century Armenian historian Pseudo-Sebeos mentions a letter sent from the Ishmaelites to Heraclius. The text of the letter as he records it is given below.<ref name="Anthony">Sean Anthony, ''Muhammad and the Empires of Faith: The making of the Prophet of Islam'', Oakland CA: University of California, 2020, pp. 194-6</ref>
{{Quote|Letter from the Ishmaelites to Heraclius - Pseudo-Sebeos, 660s CE<ref>Translation by R. W. Thomas cited in Sean Anthony, ''Muhammad and the Empires of Faith'' p. 196</ref>|God gave that land to our father Abraham as a hereditary possession and to his seed after him. We are the sons of Abraham. You have occupied our lands long enough. Abandon it peacefully and we shall not come into your territory. Otherwise, we shall demand that possession from you with interest.}}
{{Quote|Letter from the Ishmaelites to Heraclius - Pseudo-Sebeos, 660s CE<ref>Translation by R. W. Thomas cited in Sean Anthony, ''Muhammad and the Empires of Faith'' p. 196</ref>|God gave that land to our father Abraham as a hereditary possession and to his seed after him. We are the sons of Abraham. You have occupied our lands long enough. Abandon it peacefully and we shall not come into your territory. Otherwise, we shall demand that possession from you with interest.}}
===Muhammad===
===Muhammad===
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====Letter to the Christians of Aylah (أيلة)====
====Letter to the Christians of Aylah (أيلة)====


After hearing rumors that the Romans had gathered at the border of the Byzantine Empire and northern Arabia, Muhammad led his army to engage them in battle.  However, upon reaching Tabuk the rumors proved themselves to be false. With nothing remaining to do, he sent a detachment to the Christians and Jews east of Tabuk with a letter.
After hearing rumors that the Romans had gathered at the border of the Byzantine Empire and northern Arabia, Muhammad led his army to engage them in battle.  However, upon reaching Tabuk, the rumors proved false. He then sent a detachment to the Christians and Jews east of Tabuk with a letter.


{{Quote||''To John ibn Rubah (يوحنا بن روبة) and the Chiefs of Aylah''.  Peace be on you!  I praise God for you, beside whom there is no Lord.  I will not fight against you until I have written thus unto you.  Believe, or else pay tribute.  And be obedient unto the Lord and his Prophet, and unto the messengers of his Prophet.  Honour them and clothe them with excellent vestments, not with inferior raiment.  Specially clothe Zeid with excellent garments.  As long as my messengers are pleased, so likewise am I.  Ye know the tribute.  If ye desire to have security by sea and by land, obey the Lord and his Apostle, and he will defend you from every demand, whether by Arab or foreigner, saving the demand of the Lord and his Apostle.  But if ye oppose and displease them, I will not accept from you a single thing, until I have fought against you and taken captive your little ones and slain the elder; for I am the Apostle of the Lord in truth.  Believe in the Lord and in his Prophets.  And believe in the Messiah son of Mary; verily he is the Word of God: I believe in him that he was a messenger of God.  Come then, before trouble reach you.  I commend my messengers to you.  Give to Harmala three measures of barley; and indeed Harmala hath interceded for you.  As for me, if it were not for the Lord and for this (intercession of Harmala), I would not have sent any message at all unto you, until ye had seen the army.  But now, if ye obey my messengers, God will be your protector, and Mahomet, and whosoever belongeth unto him.  Now my messengers are Sharahbil, &c.  Unto you is the guarantee of God and of Mahomet his Apostle, and peace be unto you if ye submit.  And convey the people of Macna back to their land.<ref>Muir, Sir William. (1878). [http://books.google.com/books?id=-jxbAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=false ''The life of Mahomet'']. (p. 456). London: Smith, Elder & Co</ref>}}
{{Quote||''To John ibn Rubah (يوحنا بن روبة) and the Chiefs of Aylah''.  Peace be on you!  I praise God for you, beside whom there is no Lord.  I will not fight against you until I have written thus unto you.  Believe, or else pay tribute.  And be obedient unto the Lord and his Prophet, and unto the messengers of his Prophet.  Honour them and clothe them with excellent vestments, not with inferior raiment.  Specially clothe Zeid with excellent garments.  As long as my messengers are pleased, so likewise am I.  Ye know the tribute.  If ye desire to have security by sea and by land, obey the Lord and his Apostle, and he will defend you from every demand, whether by Arab or foreigner, saving the demand of the Lord and his Apostle.  But if ye oppose and displease them, I will not accept from you a single thing, until I have fought against you and taken captive your little ones and slain the elder; for I am the Apostle of the Lord in truth.  Believe in the Lord and in his Prophets.  And believe in the Messiah son of Mary; verily he is the Word of God: I believe in him that he was a messenger of God.  Come then, before trouble reach you.  I commend my messengers to you.  Give to Harmala three measures of barley; and indeed Harmala hath interceded for you.  As for me, if it were not for the Lord and for this (intercession of Harmala), I would not have sent any message at all unto you, until ye had seen the army.  But now, if ye obey my messengers, God will be your protector, and Mahomet, and whosoever belongeth unto him.  Now my messengers are Sharahbil, &c.  Unto you is the guarantee of God and of Mahomet his Apostle, and peace be unto you if ye submit.  And convey the people of Macna back to their land.<ref>Muir, Sir William. (1878). [http://books.google.com/books?id=-jxbAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=false ''The life of Mahomet'']. (p. 456). London: Smith, Elder & Co</ref>}}
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====Caliph Abu Bakr As-Siddiq to Khosru, the Persian Commander====
====Caliph Abu Bakr As-Siddiq to Khosru, the Persian Commander====


636 AD, at the Battle of Qadisiyya, the commander of the Muslim forces, Khalid ibn Al-Walid, sent an emissary with a message from Caliph Abu Bakr to the Persian commander, Khosru.
In 636 AD, at the Battle of Qadisiyya, Muslim commander Khalid ibn Al-Walid sent an emissary with a message from Caliph Abu Bakr to the Persian commander, Khosru.


{{Quote||Submit to Islam and be safe. Or agree to the payment of the Jizya, and you and your people will be under our protection, else you will have only yourself to blame for the consequences, for I bring the men who desire death as ardently as you desire life.<ref>[http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid Tabari and History of the World], Volume IV Book XII. The Mohammedan Ascendency, page 463, by John Clark Ridpath, LL.D. 1910.</ref>}}
{{Quote||Submit to Islam and be safe. Or agree to the payment of the Jizya, and you and your people will be under our protection, else you will have only yourself to blame for the consequences, for I bring the men who desire death as ardently as you desire life.<ref>[http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid Tabari and History of the World], Volume IV Book XII. The Mohammedan Ascendency, page 463, by John Clark Ridpath, LL.D. 1910.</ref>}}
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====Caliph Umar Ibn Al-Khatab's letter to Yazdgird III, the King of Persia====
====Caliph Umar Ibn Al-Khatab's letter to Yazdgird III, the King of Persia====


Copy of communications between ''Sassanian Yazdgird'' III (632 AD - 651 AD) and ''Umar Ibn Al Khatab Khalifat Al Muslemin'', after the battle of Ghadesiyeh. The original copy of this letter from Yazdgird III is kept in the British museum of London. The date in which this letter has been written is after the battle of Ghadesiyeh.
The following correspondence between Sassanian Yazdgird III (632 AD - 651 AD) and Umar Ibn Al-Khatab Khalifat Al-Muslemin took place after the battle of Ghadesiyeh. The original copy of this letter from Yazdgird III is housed in the British museum of London.


'''From: Umar Ibn Al Khatab Khalifat Al Muslemin''' <BR>'''To: Yazdgird III Shahanshah of Persian Empire'''
'''From: Umar Ibn Al Khatab Khalifat Al Muslemin''' <BR>'''To: Yazdgird III Shahanshah of Persian Empire'''
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====Letter of the Zaporozhian Cossacks of Ukraine replying to the Sultan of Turkey====
====Letter of the Zaporozhian Cossacks of Ukraine replying to the Sultan of Turkey====


A Letter written in the 1660s in response to a letter from ''Sultan Mohammed IV'' of the Turkish Empire demanding the Cossacks of Ukraine to voluntarily accept Turkish rule.
This letter was written in the 1660s in response to a letter from Sultan Mohammed IV of the Turkish Empire, demanding the Cossacks of Ukraine voluntarily accept Turkish rule.


{{Quote||Thou Turkish Devil!  
{{Quote||Thou Turkish Devil!  
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====Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's letter to the President of the United States====
====Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's letter to the President of the United States====


On May 9, 2006, the Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad sent an 18 page letter to George W. Bush, the President of the United States, via the Swiss embassy in Tehran.
On May 9, 2006, Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad sent an 18-page letter to U.S. President Bush via the Swiss embassy in Tehran.


{{Quote||All prophets, speak of peace and tranquility for man -- based on monotheism, justice and respect for human dignity.
{{Quote||All prophets, speak of peace and tranquility for man -- based on monotheism, justice and respect for human dignity.
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====Adam Yahiye Gadahn shortly before the fifth anniversary of 9/11====
====Adam Yahiye Gadahn shortly before the fifth anniversary of 9/11====


Adam Yahiye Gadahn, a senior operative, cultural interpreter, spokesman and media advisor for Al-Qaeda, released a video titled "Invitation to Islam" on September 2, 2006, shortly before the 5<sup>th</sup> anniversary of September 11.
Adam Yahiye Gadahn, a senior operative, cultural interpreter, spokesman, and media advisor for Al-Qaeda, published a video titled "Invitation to Islam" on September 2, 2006, shortly before the fifth anniversary of 9/11.


{{Quote||Islam is the only religion acceptable to God and came with the revealed book, the Koran, which abrogates all previous revelations, like the Torah and Evangel… God recognizes no separation between religion and state<BR>. . .<BR>
{{Quote||Islam is the only religion acceptable to God and came with the revealed book, the Koran, which abrogates all previous revelations, like the Torah and Evangel… God recognizes no separation between religion and state<BR>. . .<BR>
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====Osama Bin Laden's "letter to America"====
====Osama Bin Laden's "letter to America"====


The letter to America is a 4,000-word document written by Osama bin Laden in 2002. It first appeared on the internet in Arabic on a Saudi Arabian website, and has since been translated and posted on Islamic websites run from the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/nov/24/alqaida.terrorism| title = Osama issues new call to arms| publisher = The Observer| author = Jason Burke| date = November 24, 2002| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2002%2Fnov%2F24%2Falqaida.terrorism&date=2013-08-08| deadurl = no}}</ref>
Bin Laden's "letter to America" first appeared in Arabic on a Saudi Arabian website and has since been translated and posted on Islamic websites registered to UK domains.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/nov/24/alqaida.terrorism| title = Osama issues new call to arms| publisher = The Observer| author = Jason Burke| date = November 24, 2002| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2002%2Fnov%2F24%2Falqaida.terrorism&date=2013-08-08| deadurl = no}}</ref>


{{Quote||What are we calling you to, and what do we want from you?
{{Quote||What are we calling you to, and what do we want from you?
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====Abubakar Shekau's address to the President of Nigeria====
====Abubakar Shekau's address to the President of Nigeria====


Abubakar Shekau, the leader of the terrorist organization Boko Haram, released a video in August 2012 urging Goodluck Jonathan, Nigeria’s Christian president, to convert to Islam.
Abubakar Shekau, the leader of the terrorist organization Boko Haram, published a video in August 2012 urging Goodluck Jonathan, Nigeria’s Christian president, to convert to Islam.


{{Quote||You [Goodluck Jonathan] should abandon this ungodly power, you should repent and forsake Christianity... You [Barack Obama] said I'm a global terrorist, then you are a terrorist in the next world.<ref>Aminu Abubakar - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5huLV0A2MdfKlbsb8aGgxmOv-eOiQ?docId=CNG.d3ffcd8da382f4117ce248b079227866.51|2=2013-05-09}} Nigerian leader slams sect leader's call on him to resign] - AFP, August 6, 2012</ref>}}
{{Quote||You [Goodluck Jonathan] should abandon this ungodly power, you should repent and forsake Christianity... You [Barack Obama] said I'm a global terrorist, then you are a terrorist in the next world.<ref>Aminu Abubakar - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5huLV0A2MdfKlbsb8aGgxmOv-eOiQ?docId=CNG.d3ffcd8da382f4117ce248b079227866.51|2=2013-05-09}} Nigerian leader slams sect leader's call on him to resign] - AFP, August 6, 2012</ref>}}
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