Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Non-Muslims: Difference between revisions

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The disbelievers, their sins, and their fate in the afterlife is one of the Qur'an's most strikingly prominent themes. On almost every page, the reader of the Qur'an is confronted with the "doom" (بئس المصير) and "painful torment" (عذاب أليم) that awaits the disbelievers in the afterlife, in their eternal abode, "the fire" (النار). The Quran urges the believers to [[Jihad in Islamic Law|fight]] those who oppress them until they cease. One of the last surahs states that treaty-breakers must convert, seek asylum, or die, and that [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:People of the Book|People of the Book]] be fought until they pay the [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Jizyah|protection tax]] and "feel themselves subdued" (Qur'an 9:29). [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Jihad|Jihad]] against the disbelievers [[Jihad in Islamic Law|was interpreted]] by scholars in a developing imperial context to support offensive warfare. The Qur'an warns the believers not to take certain disbelievers as [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Friendship_with_Non-Muslims‎|close allies]], and prohibits the marriage of believers to disbelievers (though this verse is traditionally considered partially abrogated by another permitting believing men to marry Christian and Jewish women). The [[hadith]] and the [[sira]] underline this hostility by portraying many instances of the prophet and his companions killing and torturing disbelievers, and constantly warring against the unbelief of the pagan Meccans and their Jewish allies, which to some extent may reflect the slightly later period of early conquests. This is exalted as the good and righteous policy of a believing Muslim state. According to the sunnah, the best the disbelievers can hope for under a Muslim government is the second-class citizenship of [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Dhimmitude|dhimmitude]].  
The disbelievers, their sins, and their fate in the afterlife is one of the Qur'an's most strikingly prominent themes. On almost every page, the reader of the Qur'an is confronted with the "doom" (بئس المصير) and "painful torment" (عذاب أليم) that awaits the disbelievers in the afterlife, in their eternal abode, "the fire" (النار). The Qur'an warns the believers not to take certain disbelievers as [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Friendship_with_Non-Muslims‎|close allies]], and prohibits the marriage of believers to disbelievers (though this verse is traditionally considered partially abrogated by another permitting believing men to marry Christian and Jewish women). While the Quran sometimes reflects positive relations with some among the People of the Book and disbelievers who had not oppossed Muhammad, it urges the believers to [[Jihad in Islamic Law|fight]] those who oppress them until they cease. One of the last surahs states that [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:People of the Book|People of the Book]] be fought until they pay the [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Jizyah|protection tax]] and "feel themselves subdued" (Qur'an 9:29). [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Jihad|Jihad]] against the disbelievers [[Jihad in Islamic Law|was interpreted]] by scholars in a developing imperial context to support offensive warfare. Of the many negative verses about disbelievers, some in context refer to specific groups such as those who broke treaties (who must convert, seek asylum, or die) or those who have oppressed the believers, particularly in the Medinan surahs. Muhammad's message had been mocked and rejected by the majority of the Meccans, where he and his followers were persecuted and driven out. Other verses are blanket statements about those who disbelieve.
 
The [[hadith]] and the [[sira]] underline this hostility by portraying many instances of the prophet and his companions killing and torturing disbelievers, and constantly warring against the unbelief of the pagan Meccans and their Jewish allies, which to some extent may reflect the slightly later period of early conquests. This is exalted as the good and righteous policy of a believing Muslim state. According to the sunnah, the best the disbelievers can hope for under a Muslim government is the second-class citizenship of [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Dhimmitude|dhimmitude]].  
   
   
==Quran==
==Quran==
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{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Characteristics of Non-Muslims}}
{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Characteristics of Non-Muslims}}


====Non-Muslims are evil, protected and befriended by devils and their hearts are diseased====
====Fake believers have diseased hearts, disobediant Jews are evil, disbelievers have devils as their allies====


{{Quote|{{Quran|2|10}}|'''In their hearts is a disease''', and Allah increaseth their disease. A painful doom is theirs because they lie.}}
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|10}}|'''In their hearts is a disease''', and Allah increaseth their disease. A painful doom is theirs because they lie.}}
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{{Quote|{{Quran|62|5}}|The similitude of those who were charged with the (obligations of the) Mosaic Law, but who subsequently failed in those (obligations), is that of a donkey which carries huge tomes (but understands them not). '''Evil is the similitude of people who falsify the Signs of God''': and God guides not people who do wrong.}}
{{Quote|{{Quran|62|5}}|The similitude of those who were charged with the (obligations of the) Mosaic Law, but who subsequently failed in those (obligations), is that of a donkey which carries huge tomes (but understands them not). '''Evil is the similitude of people who falsify the Signs of God''': and God guides not people who do wrong.}}


{{Quote|{{Quran|7|27}}|O Children of Adam! Let not Satan seduce you as he caused your (first) parents to go forth from the Garden and tore off from them their robe (of innocence) that he might manifest their shame to them. Lo! he seeth you, he and his tribe, from whence ye see him not. Lo! '''We have made the devils protecting friends for those who believe not'''.}}
{{Quote|{{Quran|7|27}}|O children of Adam, let not Satan tempt you as he removed your parents from Paradise, stripping them of their clothing to show them their private parts. Indeed, he sees you, he and his tribe, from where you do not see them. '''Indeed, We have made the devils allies to those who do not believe.'''}}


====Non-Muslims are like cattle or a dog that lolls out his tongue no matter if it's attacked or not====
====Disbelievers are like cattle or a dog that lolls out his tongue no matter if it's attacked or not====


{{Quote|{{Quran|7|176}}|If it had been Our will, We should have elevated him with Our signs; but he inclined to the earth, and followed his own vain desires. '''His similitude is that of a dog: if you attack him, he lolls out his tongue, or if you leave him alone, he (still) lolls out his tongue. That is the similitude of those who reject''' Our signs; So relate the story; perchance they may reflect.}}
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|7|176|177}}|If it had been Our will, We should have elevated him with Our signs; but he inclined to the earth, and followed his own vain desires. '''His similitude is that of a dog: if you attack him, he lolls out his tongue, or if you leave him alone, he (still) lolls out his tongue. That is the similitude of those who reject''' Our signs; So relate the story; perchance they may reflect.
'''Evil as an example are people who reject Our signs and wrong their own souls.'''}}


{{Quote|{{Quran|25|44}}|Or thinkest thou that most of them listen or understand? '''They are only like cattle; - nay, they are worse''' astray in Path.}}
{{Quote|{{Quran|25|44}}|Or thinkest thou that most of them listen or understand? '''They are only like cattle; - nay, they are worse''' astray in Path.}}


====Non-Muslims are sub-human vile beasts, they are the worst of creatures====
====Disbelievers are vile beasts, they are the worst of creatures====


{{Quote|{{Quran|8|22}}|For the '''vilest beasts''' in God's sight, are the deaf, the dumb, who understand not.}}
{{Quote|{{Quran|8|22}}|For the '''vilest beasts''' in God's sight, are the deaf, the dumb, who understand not.}}
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===Damned to Hell===
===Damned to Hell===


====Non-Muslims are the fuel of Allah's fire in hell====
====Disbelievers are the fuel of Allah's fire in hell====


{{Quote|{{Quran|3|10}}|Those who reject Faith,- neither their possessions nor their (numerous) progeny will avail them aught against Allah: They are themselves but fuel for the Fire.}}
{{Quote|{{Quran|3|10}}|Indeed, those who disbelieve - never will their wealth or their children avail them against Allah at all. And it is they who are fuel for the Fire.}}


====Non-Muslims will be tortured for eternity, burned, scalded and beaten with iron maces====
====Disbelievers will be tortured for eternity, burned, scalded and beaten with iron maces====


{{Quote|{{Quran-range|22|19|22}}|These two antagonists dispute with each other about their Lord: But those who deny (their Lord),- for them will be cut out a garment of Fire: over their heads will be poured out boiling water. With it will be scalded what is within their bodies, as well as (their) skins. In addition there will be maces of iron (to punish) them. Every time they wish to get away therefrom, from anguish, they will be forced back therein, and (it will be said), "Taste ye the Penalty of Burning!"}}
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|22|19|22}}|These two antagonists dispute with each other about their Lord: But those who deny (their Lord),- for them will be cut out a garment of Fire: over their heads will be poured out boiling water. With it will be scalded what is within their bodies, as well as (their) skins. In addition there will be maces of iron (to punish) them. Every time they wish to get away therefrom, from anguish, they will be forced back therein, and (it will be said), "Taste ye the Penalty of Burning!"}}
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===Allah===
===Allah===


====Allah has cursed non-Muslims====
====Allah has cursed Disbelievers====


{{Quote|{{Quran|2|88}}| They say, "Our hearts are the wrappings (which preserve Allah's Word: we need no more)." Nay, Allah's curse is on them for their blasphemy: Little is it they believe. }}
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|88}}| They say, "Our hearts are the wrappings (which preserve Allah's Word: we need no more)." Nay, Allah's curse is on them for their blasphemy: Little is it they believe. }}
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{{Quote|{{Quran|63|4}}|When thou lookest at them, their exteriors please thee; and when they speak, thou listenest to their words. They are as (worthless as hollow) pieces of timber propped up, (unable to stand on their own). They think that every cry is against them. They are the enemies; so beware of them. The curse of Allah be on them! How are they deluded (away from the Truth)!}}
{{Quote|{{Quran|63|4}}|When thou lookest at them, their exteriors please thee; and when they speak, thou listenest to their words. They are as (worthless as hollow) pieces of timber propped up, (unable to stand on their own). They think that every cry is against them. They are the enemies; so beware of them. The curse of Allah be on them! How are they deluded (away from the Truth)!}}


====Allah does not guide or love non-Muslims====
====Allah does not guide or love disbelievers====


{{Quote|{{cite Quran|5|51|end=52|style=ref}}| O ye who believe! take not the Jews and the Christians for your friends and protectors: They are but friends and protectors to each other. And he amongst you that turns to them (for friendship) is of them. Verily Allah guideth not a people unjust.<br> Those in whose hearts is a disease - thou seest how eagerly they run about amongst them, saying: "We do fear lest a change of fortune bring us disaster." Ah! perhaps Allah will give (thee) victory, or a decision according to His will. Then will they repent of the thoughts which they secretly harboured in their hearts. }}
{{Quote|{{cite Quran|5|51|end=52|style=ref}}| O ye who believe! take not the Jews and the Christians for your friends and protectors: They are but friends and protectors to each other. And he amongst you that turns to them (for friendship) is of them. Verily Allah guideth not a people unjust.<br> Those in whose hearts is a disease - thou seest how eagerly they run about amongst them, saying: "We do fear lest a change of fortune bring us disaster." Ah! perhaps Allah will give (thee) victory, or a decision according to His will. Then will they repent of the thoughts which they secretly harboured in their hearts. }}
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{{Quote|{{Quran|22|38}}| Verily Allah will defend (from ill) those who believe: verily, Allah loveth not any that is a traitor to faith, or show ingratitude. }}
{{Quote|{{Quran|22|38}}| Verily Allah will defend (from ill) those who believe: verily, Allah loveth not any that is a traitor to faith, or show ingratitude. }}


====Allah despises, rejects and will disgrace non-Muslims====
====Allah despises, rejects and will disgrace disbelievers====


{{Quote | {{cite Quran|17|17|end=18|style=ref}} | How many generations have We destroyed after Noah? and enough is thy Lord to note and see the sins of His servants.<br>
{{Quote | {{cite Quran|17|17|end=18|style=ref}} | How many generations have We destroyed after Noah? and enough is thy Lord to note and see the sins of His servants.<br>
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{{Quote|{{Quran|29|49}}|Rather, the Qur'an is distinct verses [preserved] within the breasts of those who have been given knowledge. And none reject Our verses except the wrongdoers.}}
{{Quote|{{Quran|29|49}}|Rather, the Qur'an is distinct verses [preserved] within the breasts of those who have been given knowledge. And none reject Our verses except the wrongdoers.}}


====Allah will make the deeds of non-Muslims fruitless and will bring destruction on them====
====Allah will make the deeds of disbelievers fruitless and will bring destruction on them====


{{Quote | {{cite Quran|47|8|end=10|style=ref}} | But those who reject ((Allah)),- for them is destruction, and ((Allah)) will render their deeds astray (from their mark).<br> That is because they hate the Revelation of Allah. so He has made their deeds fruitless. <br> Do they not travel through the earth, and see what was the End of those before them (who did evil)? Allah brought utter destruction on them, and similar (fates await) those who reject Allah. <br> }}
{{Quote | {{cite Quran|47|8|end=10|style=ref}} | But those who reject ((Allah)),- for them is destruction, and ((Allah)) will render their deeds astray (from their mark).<br> That is because they hate the Revelation of Allah. so He has made their deeds fruitless. <br> Do they not travel through the earth, and see what was the End of those before them (who did evil)? Allah brought utter destruction on them, and similar (fates await) those who reject Allah. <br> }}


===Hypocrites===
===Hypocrites===
The Qur'an heavily condemns "hypocrites" and often pair them with infidels.
The Qur'an heavily condemns "hypocrites" and often pair them with disbelievers.


{{Quote|{{Quran|4|145}}|Verily, the hypocrites shall be in the lowest depth of the fire, and thou wilt find none who could succour them.}}
{{Quote|{{Quran|4|145}}|Verily, the hypocrites shall be in the lowest depth of the fire, and thou wilt find none who could succour them.}}
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{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Dhimmitude}}
{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Dhimmitude}}


====The lives of non-Muslims are worth only half of that of Muslims====
====Blood money for People of the Book was only half of that of Muslims====


{{Quote|{{Abu Dawud||4542|darussalam}}|Narrated Abdullah ibn Amr ibn al-'As: '''The value of the blood-money at the time of the Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) was eight hundred dinars or eight thousand dirhams, and the blood-money for the people of the Book was half of that for Muslims'''. He said: This applied till Umar (Allah be pleased with him) became caliph and he made a speech in which he said: Take note! Camels have become dear. So Umar fixed the value for those who possessed gold at one thousand dinars, for those who possessed silver at twelve thousand (dirhams), for those who possessed cattle at two hundred cows, for those who possessed sheep at two thousand sheep, and for those who possessed suits of clothing at two hundred suits. He left the blood-money for dhimmis (protected people) as it was, not raising it in proportion to the increase he made in the blood-wit.}}
{{Quote|{{Abu Dawud||4542|darussalam}}|Narrated Abdullah ibn Amr ibn al-'As: '''The value of the blood-money at the time of the Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) was eight hundred dinars or eight thousand dirhams, and the blood-money for the people of the Book was half of that for Muslims'''. He said: This applied till Umar (Allah be pleased with him) became caliph and he made a speech in which he said: Take note! Camels have become dear. So Umar fixed the value for those who possessed gold at one thousand dinars, for those who possessed silver at twelve thousand (dirhams), for those who possessed cattle at two hundred cows, for those who possessed sheep at two thousand sheep, and for those who possessed suits of clothing at two hundred suits. He left the blood-money for dhimmis (protected people) as it was, not raising it in proportion to the increase he made in the blood-wit.}}


====A Muslim cannot be killed in Qisas (equality in punishment) for killing a non-Muslim====
====A Muslim cannot be killed in Qisas (equality in punishment) for killing a disbeliever====


{{Quote|{{Bukhari|||6915|darussalam}}|Narrated Abu Juhaifa:  
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|||6915|darussalam}}|Narrated Abu Juhaifa:  
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===Fighting===
===Fighting===
====Killing non-Muslim women and children is permissible as collateral damage====
====Killing disbelieving women and children is permissible as collateral damage====


Muhammad disapproved of the killing of women and children during expeditions (also {{Muslim||1744a|reference}}).
Muhammad disapproved of the killing of women and children during expeditions (also {{Muslim||1744a|reference}}).
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{{Quote|{{Abu Dawud||2050|darussalam}}|Narrated Ma'qil ibn Yasar: A man came to the Prophet (peace be upon him) and said: I have found a woman of rank and beauty, but she does not give birth to children. Should I marry her? He said: No. He came again to him, but he prohibited him. He came to him third time, and '''he (the Prophet) said: Marry women who are loving and very prolific, for I shall outnumber the peoples by you'''. }}
{{Quote|{{Abu Dawud||2050|darussalam}}|Narrated Ma'qil ibn Yasar: A man came to the Prophet (peace be upon him) and said: I have found a woman of rank and beauty, but she does not give birth to children. Should I marry her? He said: No. He came again to him, but he prohibited him. He came to him third time, and '''he (the Prophet) said: Marry women who are loving and very prolific, for I shall outnumber the peoples by you'''. }}


===Only stay and eat with Muslims, because whoever joins a non-Muslim is like him===
===Only stay and eat with Muslims, and whoever joins and lives with a mushrik is like him===
{{Quote|{{Abu Dawud||4832|darussalam}}, See Also: {{Abu Dawud||4850|darussalam}}|Narrated AbuSa'id al-Khudri:  
{{Quote|{{Abu Dawud||4832|darussalam}}, See Also: {{Abu Dawud||4850|darussalam}}|Narrated AbuSa'id al-Khudri:  


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