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There are multiple Islamic account of [[Muhammad]]'s supposed ability to perform [[Islam and Miracles|miracles]]. These narrations and the theology around these miracles, tho, are not without controversy in the Islamic tradition. | |||
==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
The hadith record that Muhammad denied being able to perform miracles, and the Qur'an states that he had maintained this denial when confronted by critics. | The hadith record that Muhammad denied being able to perform miracles, and the Qur'an states that he had maintained this denial when confronted by critics. This has led some Muslims to suggest that Muhammad's only miracle was the revelation of the Qur'an, but other purported miracles, such as the so-called "[[Moon Split Miracle|Moon splitting miracle]]" are referenced in the Qur'an and endorsed in hadith literature. Some of the miracles alleged to occur in Muhammad's life share great similarities with miracle stories from [[People of the Book|earlier faiths]], and the Qur'an itself has a richly-documented [[Textual History of the Qur'an|textual history]], along with [[Contradictions in the Quran|claims of dubious reliability.]] | ||
==Miracles== | ==Miracles== | ||
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===Bukhari's criteria=== | ===Bukhari's criteria=== | ||
When determining [[sahih]] [[hadith]] narrations, the burden of proof is on the person who claims a certain narration is not authentic to provide the [[Daleel|evidence]] for its inauthenticity. | When determining [[sahih]] [[hadith]] narrations, in traditioanl Islamic hadith science | ||
the burden of proof is on the person who claims a certain narration is not authentic to provide the [[Daleel|evidence]] for its inauthenticity. | |||
Imam Bukhari developed three criteria to determine whether a narration was sahih. His third criteria regards ''mat'n'' (text), i.e. the text/content of a narration must not contradict the Qur'an. The only exception to this rule is narrations regarded as ''Qudsi'', or narrations which contain non-Qur'anic words from Allah. | Imam Bukhari developed three criteria to determine whether a narration was sahih. His third criteria regards ''mat'n'' (text), i.e. the text/content of a narration must not contradict the Qur'an. The only exception to this rule is narrations regarded as ''Qudsi'', or narrations which contain non-Qur'anic words from Allah. | ||
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==== Modern Historian Views of Quran Verse 54:1 ==== | ==== Modern Historian Views of Quran Verse 54:1 ==== | ||
Many modern academics view the moon splitting verse in the Qur'an as a natural astronomical phenomenon that may have occurred during the time of Muhammad, which Muhammad took as an omen of significance. Similar beliefs appear in antique Christian, Jewish, and Zoroastrian writings,<ref>For examples of this in Christian, Jewish and Zoroastrianism literature in the centuries preceding Islam, see Shoemaker, Stephen J. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv16t6jmh. ''The Apocalypse of Empire: Imperial Eschatology in Late Antiquity and Early Islam.''] University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018. ''Chapters 1 - 4'' | Many modern academics as a rule discount supernatural accounts in ancient sources. Some of them view the moon splitting verse in the Qur'an as a description of a natural astronomical phenomenon that may have occurred during the time of Muhammad, which Muhammad took as an omen of significance. Similar beliefs appear in antique Christian, Jewish, and Zoroastrian writings,<ref>For examples of this in Christian, Jewish and Zoroastrianism literature in the centuries preceding Islam, see Shoemaker, Stephen J. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv16t6jmh. ''The Apocalypse of Empire: Imperial Eschatology in Late Antiquity and Early Islam.''] University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018. ''Chapters 1 - 4'' | ||
For Muslim's similar beliefs in early Islam, see ''Chapters 5 and 6''.</ref> accounts of which later commentators and biographers may have exaggerated as a literal, miraculous splitting. Uri Rubin and Rudi Paret, for example, suggest it was a partial lunar eclipse,<ref>''Muhammad’s message in Mecca: warnings, signs, and miracles [The case of the splitting of the moon (Q 54:1-2)].'' Uri Rubin in Jonathan E. Brockopp, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Muhammad (Cambridge, 2010), 39-60. Noting Rudi Paret's opinion in footnote 9 pp. 44. | For Muslim's similar beliefs in early Islam, see ''Chapters 5 and 6''.</ref> accounts of which later commentators and biographers may have exaggerated as a literal, miraculous splitting. Uri Rubin and Rudi Paret, for example, suggest it was a partial lunar eclipse,<ref>''Muhammad’s message in Mecca: warnings, signs, and miracles [The case of the splitting of the moon (Q 54:1-2)].'' Uri Rubin in Jonathan E. Brockopp, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Muhammad (Cambridge, 2010), 39-60. Noting Rudi Paret's opinion in footnote 9 pp. 44. | ||