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→Abu Bakr and Umar
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Umar succeeded Abu Bakr as caliph.<ref>{{Tabari|11|pp. 145-147, 513}}; {{Tabari}15}p. 4}}.</ref> His reign was devoted to conquest. He sent his armies to Mesopotamia, Syria, Jordan, Jerusalem and the Holy Land, Persia, much of Byzantium, parts of Afghanistan, Egypt, Mauritania and Morocco, and subjected them all to Islam.<ref>Jarrett/Suyuti pp. 135-137.</ref> “He directed the government with the most complete success and victories were numerous during his time.”<ref>Jarrett/Suyuti p. 135.</ref> “‘Omar began his reign master only of Arabia. He died the Caliph of an Empire.”<ref>[http://answering-islam.org/Books/Muir/Caliphate/chap26.htm/ Muir (1924), p. 190].</ref> This expansionist policy did not require assistance from Aisha or any other woman, and there is no record that Aisha had anything to do with any of it. Umar liked women to sit behind curtains where men could not see them.<ref>{{Bukhari|7|60|318}}; {{Muslim|26|5395}}; {{Muslim|26|5396}}.</ref> He did not like them to contribute ideas.<ref>E.g., {{Bukhari|7|62|119}}: “I shouted at my wife and she retorted against me and I disliked that she should answer me back.”</ref> | Umar succeeded Abu Bakr as caliph.<ref>{{Tabari|11|pp. 145-147, 513}}; {{Tabari}15}p. 4}}.</ref> His reign was devoted to conquest. He sent his armies to Mesopotamia, Syria, Jordan, Jerusalem and the Holy Land, Persia, much of Byzantium, parts of Afghanistan, Egypt, Mauritania and Morocco, and subjected them all to Islam.<ref>Jarrett/Suyuti pp. 135-137.</ref> “He directed the government with the most complete success and victories were numerous during his time.”<ref>Jarrett/Suyuti p. 135.</ref> “‘Omar began his reign master only of Arabia. He died the Caliph of an Empire.”<ref>[http://answering-islam.org/Books/Muir/Caliphate/chap26.htm/ Muir (1924), p. 190].</ref> This expansionist policy did not require assistance from Aisha or any other woman, and there is no record that Aisha had anything to do with any of it. Umar liked women to sit behind curtains where men could not see them.<ref>{{Bukhari|7|60|318}}; {{Muslim|26|5395}}; {{Muslim|26|5396}}.</ref> He did not like them to contribute ideas.<ref>E.g., {{Bukhari|7|62|119}}: “I shouted at my wife and she retorted against me and I disliked that she should answer me back.”</ref> | ||
Within these limits, and when it did not cost him much, Umar showed respect to Muhammad’s widows. His own daughter was one of them,<ref>Ibn Hisham note 918.</ref> yet he paid particular recognition to Aisha. He decreed a pension of 10,000 ''dirhams'' (about £50,000) to each widow, but he allowed 12,000 (£60,000) to Aisha because “she was the beloved of Allah’s Messenger.”<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:48.</ref> When Umar wanted to marry Aisha’s five-year-old sister, Aisha withheld consent: “You are rough and ready … How will it be with her if she disobeys you in any matter and you beat her?”<ref>{{Tabari|14|p. 102}}.</ref> Umar, who was 58, did not press the point and instead married the nine-year-old daughter of Ali.<ref>{{Tabari|13|p. 109}}. Both girls were named Umm Kulthum, which has caused some confusion for historians.</ref> At about the same time, he enlarged the mosque, commensurate with the increase of the crowds who converged on Medina to work and worship.<ref>Jarrett/Suyuti, p. 136.</ref> It is not detailed what difference these crowds, and their larger buildings, might have made to Aisha’s living conditions. | Within these limits, and when it did not cost him much, Umar showed respect to Muhammad’s widows. His own daughter was one of them,<ref>Ibn Hisham note 918.</ref> yet he paid particular recognition to Aisha. He decreed a pension of 10,000 ''dirhams'' (about £50,000) to each widow, but he allowed 12,000 (£60,000) to Aisha because “she was the beloved of Allah’s Messenger.”<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:48.</ref> As Aisha was doing more than any of the others to promote Islam through her teaching career, she probably perceived her pension as a well-earned salary. When Umar wanted to marry Aisha’s five-year-old sister, Aisha withheld consent: “You are rough and ready … How will it be with her if she disobeys you in any matter and you beat her?”<ref>{{Tabari|14|p. 102}}.</ref> Umar, who was 58, did not press the point and instead married the nine-year-old daughter of Ali.<ref>{{Tabari|13|p. 109}}. Both girls were named Umm Kulthum, which has caused some confusion for historians.</ref> At about the same time, he enlarged the mosque, commensurate with the increase of the crowds who converged on Medina to work and worship.<ref>Jarrett/Suyuti, p. 136.</ref> It is not detailed what difference these crowds, and their larger buildings, might have made to Aisha’s living conditions. | ||
But Aisha had no power to prevent anything that Umar really wanted. When Abu Bakr died, Umar stood outside Aisha’s door, forbidding her relatives inside to practise any mourning rituals, “but they refused to stop.” Umar ordered one of Aisha’s aunts outside, whereupon Aisha announced, “I forbid my house to you.” But she was ignored; a man pushed his way through her door. He brought Aisha’s aunt out to Umar, who “raised his whip over her and gave her a number of blows. The weeping women scattered when they heard that.”<ref>{{Tabari|11|pp. 137-138}}.</ref> | But Aisha had no power to prevent anything that Umar really wanted. When Abu Bakr died, Umar stood outside Aisha’s door, forbidding her relatives inside to practise any mourning rituals, “but they refused to stop.” Umar ordered one of Aisha’s aunts outside, whereupon Aisha announced, “I forbid my house to you.” But she was ignored; a man pushed his way through her door. He brought Aisha’s aunt out to Umar, who “raised his whip over her and gave her a number of blows. The weeping women scattered when they heard that.”<ref>{{Tabari|11|pp. 137-138}}.</ref> | ||