Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Lying and Deception: Difference between revisions

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'''Taqiyya''' (تقي), also spelt Taqiya / Tuqya / Taqqiyah, is known as lying for Islam. While many claim it is only practiced within [[Shi'ite]] Islam, it is also mentioned in many [[Sunni]] hadith and by many of their Islamic scholars.
{{QuranHadithScholarsIndex}}
==Qur'an==


==Taqqiya==
==="Best Deceiver"===


The following excerpts are from ''The Mosque Exposed'' by Sam Solomon, a former imam and Islamic lawyer who converted to Christianity and is now residing in the UK, and E. Alamaqdisi, a prolific writer and debater, and a regular contributor to many Internet sites on the complex subject of Islam and its teachings. They also wrote ''Modern Day Trojan Horse: Al-Hijra, The Islamic Doctrine of Immigration, Accepting Freedom or Imposing Islam?''
The Qur'an openly states many times that Allah is the "best deceiver". All literal translations are referenced from ''islamicnature.com'', a pro-Islamic Muslim website.


{{Quote|2=Despite the overtly cruel, harsh and intolerant Qur'anic views towards the 'others,' namely Jews and Christians, there are injunctions in the Qur'an that enable the Islamic community to disguise, play down, and, when necessary, deny both the intensity and validity of these anti-Semitic and anti-Christian teachings of its religious system.<ref name="The Mosque Exposed">Solomon, S. & E. Alamaqdisi. (2007) [http://www.amazon.com/Mosque-Exposed-S-Solomon/dp/0979492904/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1260496307&sr=8-1 The Mosque Exposed]. (p. 58). Charlottesville, VA: ANM Press.</ref>}}
{{quote |{{Qtt|3|54}}|
'''Arabic:''' ومكروا ومكر الله والله خير الماكرين


{{Quote|2=[Takiyya] permeates almost all the activities and dealings of Muslims within non-Muslim societies...<ref name="The Mosque Exposed"></ref>}}
'''Transliteration:''' Wamakaroo wamakara Allahu waAllahu khayru almakireena


{{Quote|2=''Takiyya'' means "caution, fear, or disguise." It permits the suspension, as the need arises, of almost any or all religious requirements--including a total denial of faith--when fearing threat, injury or compulsion of any kind in a non-Muslim society, or even in a Muslim society.<ref name="The Mosque Exposed"></ref>}}
'''Literal:''' And they cheated/deceived and God cheated/deceived, and God (is) the best (of) the cheaters/deceivers.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://iknowledge.islamicnature.com/quran/surah/3/lang/englishliteral/|2=2011-08-25}} 3. Ali-Imran - The Family Of 'Imran (سورة آل عمران) - Revealed in Madinah (English: Literal)] - IslamicNature, accessed August 25, 2011</ref>}}


==Kitman==
{{quote |{{Qtt|7|99}}|
'''Arabic:'''  افامنوا مكر الله فلايامن مكر الله الا القوم الخاسرون


Kitman is close to Taqqiya but rather than outright dissimulation, it consists in telling only part of the truth, with “mental reservation” justifying the omission of the rest (adjustment, deception etc, anything short of a full-blown lie). For example when a Muslim maintains that “jihad” really means “a spiritual struggle” and fails to add that this particular definition is an 11<sup>th</sup> century invention that originated from a [[List of Fabricated Hadith|fabricated hadith]] which is [[Lesser vs Greater Jihad|universally rejected]] by Islamic scholars, he misleads by holding back the true violent nature of jihad, and is therefore practicing “kitman.” Another example would be the insistence of a Muslim apologist that “of course” there is the freedom of conscience in Islam, followed by quoting the Qur’anic verse “There shall be no compulsion in religion.” The impression given is false, for there has been no mention of the Islamic doctrine of [[List of Abrogations in the Qur'an|abrogation]], or naskh.
'''Transliteration:''' Afaaminoo makra Allahi fala ya/manu makra Allahi illa alqawmu alkhasiroona
'''Literal:''' Did they secure God's scheme/deceit ? So no(one) trusts God's scheme/deceit except the nation the losers.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://iknowledge.islamicnature.com/quran/surah/7/lang/englishliteral/|2=2011-08-25}} 7. Al-A'raf - The Heights (سورة الأعراف) - Revealed in Makkah (English: Literal)] - IslamicNature, accessed August 25, 2011</ref>}}


==Conditions to lie set by Muhammad==
{{quote |{{Qtt|8|30}}|
'''Arabic:'''  واذ يمكر بك الذين كفروا ليثبتوك او يقتلوك او يخرجوك ويمكرون ويمكر الله والله خير الماكرين


In his Sira, Muhammad authorized lying to improve the chances of successful assassinations, for example in the case of Shaaban Ibn Khalid al-Hazly and Bin Kaab.
'''Transliteration:''' Wa-ith yamkuru bika allatheena kafaroo liyuthbitooka aw yaqtulooka aw yukhrijooka wayamkuroona wayamkuru Allahu waAllahu khayru almakireena
'''Literal:''' And when those who disbelieved deceive/scheme at you to affix/affirm you, or kill you, or bring you out, and they scheme/deceive , and God deceives/schemes and God (is) best (of) the deceivers/schemers.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://iknowledge.islamicnature.com/quran/surah/8/lang/englishliteral/|2=2011-08-25}} 8. Al-Anfal - Spoils Of War (سورة الأنفال) - Revealed in Madinah (English: Literal)] - IslamicNature, accessed August 25, 2011</ref>}}


{{Quote||Muhammad said: "Lying is wrong, '''except''' in three things: '''the lie of a man to his wife''' to make her content with him; a '''lie to an enemy''', for war is deception; or a '''lie to settle trouble between people'''" [''Ahmad, 6.459. H'']}}
{{quote |{{Qtt|10|21}}|
'''Arabic:''' واذا اذقنا الناس رحمة من بعد ضراء مستهم اذا لهم مكر في اياتنا قل الله اسرع مكرا ان رسلنا يكتبون ماتمكرون


{{Quote|<!-- http://searchtruth.com/searchHadith.php?keyword=the+words+of+the+husband+to+his+wife&translator=2&search=1&book=&start http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsearchtruth.com%2FsearchHadith.php%3Fkeyword%3Dthe%2Bwords%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bhusband%2Bto%2Bhis%2Bwife%26translator%3D2%26search%3D1%26book%3D%26start&date=2012-02-25 -->{{Muslim|32|6303}}|Humaid b. 'Abd al-Rahman b. 'Auf reported that his mother Umm Kulthum daughter of 'Uqba b. Abu Mu'ait, and she was one amongst the first emigrants who pledged allegiance to Allah's Apostle (may peace be upon him), as saying that she heard Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) as saying: '''A liar is not one who tries to bring reconciliation amongst people and speaks good (in order to avert dispute), or he conveys good'''. Ibn Shihab said he did not hear that exemption was granted in anything what the people speak as lie but in three cases: '''in battle, for bringing reconciliation amongst persons and the narration of the words of the husband to his wife, and the narration of the words of a wife to her husband''' (in a twisted form in order to bring reconciliation between them).}}
'''Transliteration:''' Wa-itha athaqna alnnasa rahmatan min baAAdi darraa massat-hum itha lahum makrun fee ayatina quli Allahu asraAAu makran inna rusulana yaktuboona ma tamkuroona
'''Literal:''' And if We made the people taste/experience mercy from after calamity/disastrous distress touched them, then for them (is) cheatery/deceit/schemes in Our verses/evidences . Say: "God (is) quicker/faster (in) cunning/scheming , that Our messengers write what you cheat/ deceive/scheme."<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://iknowledge.islamicnature.com/quran/surah/10/lang/englishliteral/|2=2011-08-25}} 10. Yunus - Jonah (سورة يونس) - Revealed in Makkah (English: Literal)] - IslamicNature, accessed August 25, 2011</ref>}}
 
{{quote |{{Qtt|13|42}}|
'''Arabic:'''  وقد مكر الذين من قبلهم فلله المكر جميعا يعلم ماتكسب كل نفس وسيعلم الكفار لمن عقبى الدار
'''Transliteration:'''  Waqad makara allatheena min qablihim falillahi almakru jameeAAan yaAAlamu ma taksibu kullu nafsin wasayaAAlamu alkuffaru liman AAuqba alddari
'''Literal:''' And those from before them had cheated/deceived/schemed, so to God (is) all the cheatery/deceit/scheme. He knows what every self gains/acquires , and the disbelievers will know to whom (is) the house's/home's end/turn (result).<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://iknowledge.islamicnature.com/quran/surah/13/lang/englishliteral/|2=2011-08-25}} 13. Ar-Ra'd - The Thunder (سورة الرعد) - Revealed in Makkah (English: Literal)] - IslamicNature, accessed August 25, 2011</ref>}}
 
===Breaking Oaths===
 
The Qur'an tells us that Allah will not call Muslims to account for what is "futile in their oaths", and deliberately breaking oaths is not much of a problem because they will be forgiven if they fast for three days.
 
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|225}}|'''Allah will not call you to account for thoughtlessness in your oaths''', but for the intention in your hearts; and He is Oft-forgiving, Most Forbearing. }}


See also Raymond Ibrahim's article for the ''Middle East Quarterly'', Winter 2010: [http://www.meforum.org/2538/taqiyya-islam-rules-of-war How Taqiyya Alters Islam's Rules of War]'''
{{Quote|{{Quran|5|89}}|'''Allah will not call you to account for what is futile in your oaths''', but He will call you to account for your deliberate oaths: for expiation, feed ten indigent persons, on a scale of the average for the food of your families; or clothe them; or give a slave his freedom. If that is beyond your means, '''fast for three days. That is the expiation for the oaths ye have sworn'''. But keep to your oaths. Thus doth Allah make clear to you His signs, that ye may be grateful.}}


==Qur'an verses about Taqqiyah==
===Taqiyya===


{{Quote|{{Quran|2|225}}|A Muslim does not have to maintain his oath (faith) '''as long as what's in his heart is true'''}}
The following Qur'anic verses form the basis of the mainly shi'ite doctrine of taqiyya, although, as you will see in the section on Sunni scholars, it is not limited to the Shi'ite sect.


{{Quote|{{Quran|3|28}}|Let not the believers Take for friends or helpers Unbelievers rather than believers: if any do that, in nothing will there be help from Allah: '''except by way of precaution''', that ye may Guard yourselves from them. But Allah cautions you (To remember) Himself; for the final goal is to Allah.}}
{{Quote|{{Quran|3|28}}|Let not the believers Take for friends or helpers Unbelievers rather than believers: if any do that, in nothing will there be help from Allah: '''except by way of precaution''', that ye may Guard yourselves from them. But Allah cautions you (To remember) Himself; for the final goal is to Allah.}}
Line 34: Line 54:
{{Quote|{{Quran|16|106}}|Any one who, after accepting faith in Allah, utters Unbelief,- '''except under compulsion''', his heart remaining firm in Faith - but such as open their breast to Unbelief, on them is Wrath from Allah, and theirs will be a dreadful Penalty..}}
{{Quote|{{Quran|16|106}}|Any one who, after accepting faith in Allah, utters Unbelief,- '''except under compulsion''', his heart remaining firm in Faith - but such as open their breast to Unbelief, on them is Wrath from Allah, and theirs will be a dreadful Penalty..}}


{{Quran|77|38}} and {{Quran|9|5}} allows the Muslim to '''use any stratagem'''. A common Muslim defense is that this applies 'only in war' However as has been demonstrated, Muslims are always at war. Considering that non-believers can not be friends with Muslims. Therefore any relations can only be governed by enmity or truce. Also, Considering the Muslims are allowed to break a truce whenever they choose without prior warning (very dishonourable conduct) as per [[Treaties]], I would have to argue that Muslims are constantly at war.
==Hadith==
 
In the sahih hadith we find multiple narrations telling us Prophet Muhammad had said if he took an oath and later found something else better, he would do "what is better" and expiate his oath. Since determining what is "better" is a very subjective evaluation, one can break any agreement with anyone at any time they choose to do so just based on one's perception of what is "better".
 
===Sahih Bukhari===
 
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|7|67|427}}|
 
Narrated Zahdam:
 
We were in the company of Abu Musa Al-Ash'ari and there were friendly relations between us and this tribe of Jarm. Abu Musa was presented with a dish containing chicken. Among the people there was sitting a red-faced man who did not come near the food. Abu Musa said (to him), "Come on (and eat), for I have seen Allah's Apostle eating of it (i.e. chicken)." He said, "I have seen it eating something (dirty) and since then I have disliked it, and have taken an oath that I shall not eat it ' Abu Musa said, "Come on, I will tell you (or narrate to you). Once I went to Allah s Apostle with a group of Al-Ash'ariyin, and met him while he was angry, distributing some camels of Rakat. We asked for mounts but he took an oath that he would not give us any mounts, and added, 'I have nothing to mount you on' In the meantime some camels of booty were brought to Allah's Apostle and he asked twice, 'Where are Al-Ash'ariyin?" So he gave us five white camels with big humps. We stayed for a short while (after we had covered a little distance), and then I said to my companions, "Allah's Apostle has forgotten his oath. By Allah, if we do not remind Allah's Apostle of his oath, we will never be successful." So we returned to the Prophet and said, '''"O Allah's Apostle! We asked you for mounts, but you took an oath that you would not give us any mounts; we think that you have forgotten your oath.'''' He said, 'It is Allah Who has given you mounts. '''By Allah, and Allah willing, if I take an oath and later find something else better than that. then I do what is better and expiate my oath.'''' "}}
 
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|9|89|260}}|
Narrated 'Abdur-Rahman bin Samura:
 
The Prophet said, "O 'Abdur-Rahman! Do not seek to be a ruler, for if you are given authority on your demand then you will be held responsible for it, but if you are given it without asking (for it), then you will be helped (by Allah) in it. '''If you ever take an oath to do something and later on you find that something else is better, then you should expiate your oath and do what is better.'''"}}
 
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|7|71|662}}| Narrated Abdullah bin Umar: Two men came from the East and addressed the people who wondered at their eloquent speeches. On that '''Allah's Apostle said 'Some eloquent speech is as effective as magic'''.'}}
 
====Not Restricted to War====
 
Muslims often claim lying in Islam is restricted to its use in war, but in the following hadiths, Muhammad permits a Muslim to lie in order to kill Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf, a Jewish poet who wrote an anti-Muslim poem which offended him.
 
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|52|271}}|"Narrated Jabir : The Prophet said, ‘Who is ready to kill Ka’b bin Ashraf (i.e. a Jew).’ Muhammad bin Maslama replied, ‘Do you like me to kill him?’ The Prophet replied in the affirmative.''' Muhammad bin Maslama said, ‘Then allow me to say what I like.’ The Prophet replied ‘I do (i.e. allow you).’'''"}}
 
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|5|59|369}}|Narrated Jabir bin 'Abdullah: Allah's Apostle said, '''"Who is willing to kill Ka'b bin Al-Ashraf who has hurt Allah and His Apostle?" Thereupon Muhammad bin Maslama got up saying, "O Allah's Apostle! Would you like that I kill him?" The Prophet said, "Yes," Muhammad bin Maslama said, "Then allow me to say a (false) thing (i.e. to deceive Kab). "The Prophet said, "You may say it."''' Then Muhammad bin Maslama went to Kab and said, "That man (i.e. Muhammad demands Sadaqa (i.e. Zakat) from us, and he has troubled us, and I have come to borrow something from you." On that, Kab said, "By Allah, you will get tired of him!" Muhammad bin Maslama said, "Now as we have followed him, we do not want to leave him unless and until we see how his end is going to be. Now we want you to lend us a camel load or two of food." (Some difference between narrators about a camel load or two.) Kab said, "Yes, (I will lend you), but you should mortgage something to me." Muhammad bin Mas-lama and his companion said, "What do you want?" Ka'b replied, "Mortgage your women to me." They said, "How can we mortgage our women to you and you are the most handsome of the 'Arabs?" Ka'b said, "Then mortgage your sons to me." They said, "How can we mortgage our sons to you? Later they would be abused by the people's saying that so-and-so has been mortgaged for a camel load of food. That would cause us great disgrace, but we will mortgage our arms to you." Muhammad bin Maslama and his companion promised Kab that Muhammad would return to him. He came to Kab at night along with Kab's foster brother, Abu Na'ila. Kab invited them to come into his fort, and then he went down to them. His wife asked him, "Where are you going at this time?" Kab replied, "None but Muhammad bin Maslama and my (foster) brother Abu Na'ila have come." His wife said, "I hear a voice as if dropping blood is from him, Ka'b said. "They are none but my brother Muhammad bin Maslama and my foster brother Abu Naila. A generous man should respond to a call at night even if invited to be killed." Muhammad bin Maslama went with two men. (Some narrators mention the men as 'Abu bin Jabr. Al Harith bin Aus and Abbad bin Bishr). So Muhammad bin Maslama went in together with two men, and sail to them, "When Ka'b comes, I will touch his hair and smell it, and when you see that I have got hold of his head, strip him. I will let you smell his head." Kab bin Al-Ashraf came down to them wrapped in his clothes, and diffusing perfume. Muhammad bin Maslama said. " have never smelt a better scent than this. Ka'b replied. "I have got the best 'Arab women who know how to use the high class of perfume." Muhammad bin Maslama requested Ka'b "Will you allow me to smell your head?" Ka'b said, "Yes." Muhammad smelt it and made his companions smell it as well. '''Then he requested Ka'b again, "Will you let me (smell your head)?" Ka'b said, "Yes." When Muhammad got a strong hold of him, he said (to his companions), "Get at him!" So they killed him and went to the Prophet and informed him. (Abu Rafi) was killed after Ka'b bin Al-Ashraf."'''}}
 
This is a clear case of lying endorsed by the prophet in order to achieve the objectives of Islam, therefore Muslims are permitted to lie (and kill) in defence of Muhammad and his character.
 
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|52|147}}|Narrated Sahl bin Sad As-Sa'idi: ...Allah's Apostle said, "A man may seem to the people as if he were practising the deeds of the people of Paradise while in fact he is from the people of the Hell) Fire, '''another may seem to the people as if he were practicing the deeds of the people of Hell (Fire), while in fact he is from the people of Paradise'''."}}
 
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|52|267}}|Narrated Abu Huraira: The Prophet said, "Khosrau will be ruined, and there will be no Khosrau after him, and Caesar will surely be ruined and there will be no Caesar after him, and you will spend their treasures in Allah's Cause." He called, "'''War is deceit''''. }}
 
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|52|268}}|Narrated Abu Huraira:
 
Allah's Apostle called,: "'''War is deceit'''".}}
 
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|52|269}}|Narrated Jabir bin 'Abdullah:
 
The Prophet said, "'''War is deceit'''."}}
 
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|53|408}}|Narrated Al-Bara: When the Prophet intended to perform the 'Umra he sent a person to the people of Mecca asking their permission to enter Mecca. They stipulated that he would not stay for more than three days and would not enter it except with sheathed arms and would not preach (Islam) to any of them. So Ali bin Abi-Talib started writing the treaty between them. He wrote, "This is what Muhammad, Apostle of Allah has agreed to." The (Meccans) said, "If we knew that you (Muhammad) are the Apostle of Allah, then we would not have prevented you and would have followed you. But write, 'This is what Muhammad bin 'Abdullah has agreed to..' " On that Allah's Apostle said, "By Allah, I am Muhammad bin 'Abdullah, and, by Allah, I am Apostle of 'Allah." Allah's Apostle used not to write; so he asked 'Ali to erase the expression of Apostle of Allah. On that 'Ali said, "By Allah I will never erase it." Allah's Apostle said (to 'Ali), "Let me see the paper." When 'Ali showed him the paper,''' the Prophet erased the expression with his own hand.''' When Allah's Apostle had entered Mecca and three days had elapsed, the Meccans came to 'Ali and said, "Let your friend (i.e. the Prophet) quit Mecca." Ali informed Allah's Apostle about it and Allah's Apostle said, "Yes," and then he departed. }}


==Explanation of Qur'an verses about Taqqiya (Sunni Scholar)==
===Sahih Muslim===


According to Ibn Kathir (d. 1373) and the hadith, Surah al-Imran 3:28 mentions Taqqiya.  
{{Quote|<!-- http://searchtruth.com/searchHadith.php?keyword=the+words+of+the+husband+to+his+wife&translator=2&search=1&book=&start http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsearchtruth.com%2FsearchHadith.php%3Fkeyword%3Dthe%2Bwords%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bhusband%2Bto%2Bhis%2Bwife%26translator%3D2%26search%3D1%26book%3D%26start&date=2012-02-25 -->{{Muslim|32|6303}}|Humaid b. 'Abd al-Rahman b. 'Auf reported that his mother Umm Kulthum daughter of 'Uqba b. Abu Mu'ait, and she was one amongst the first emigrants who pledged allegiance to Allah's Apostle (may peace be upon him), as saying that she heard Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) as saying: '''A liar is not one who tries to bring reconciliation amongst people and speaks good (in order to avert dispute), or he conveys good'''. Ibn Shihab said he did not hear that exemption was granted in anything what the people speak as lie but in three cases: '''in battle, for bringing reconciliation amongst persons and the narration of the words of the husband to his wife, and the narration of the words of a wife to her husband''' (in a twisted form in order to bring reconciliation between them).}}


{{Quote|1=[http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=3&tid=8052 The Prohibition of Supporting the Disbelievers]<BR>Tafsir Ibn Kathir|2=(unless you indeed fear a danger from them) meaning, except those believers who in some areas or times fear for their safety from the disbelievers. In this case, such believers are allowed to show friendship to the disbelievers outwardly, but never inwardly. For instance, Al-Bukhari recorded that Abu Ad-Darda' said, "We smile in the face of some people although our hearts curse them. Al-Bukhari said that Al-Hasan said, "'''The Tuqyah''' is allowed until the Day of Resurre ction. Allah said,}}
{{Quote|{{Muslim|15|4044}}|
Abu Musa al-Ash'ari reported: I came to Allah's Apostle (may peace be upon him) along with a group of Ash'arites requesting to give us a mount. He (the Holy Prophet) said: By Allah, I cannot provide you with a mount, and there is nothing with me which I should give you as a ride. He (the narrator) said: We stayed there as long as Allah willed. Then there were brought to him (to the Holy Prophet) camels. He (the Holy Prophet) then ordered to give us three white humped camels, We started and said (or some of us said to the others): Allah will not bless us. We came to Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) begging him to provide us with riding camels. He swore that he could not provide us with a mount, but later on he provided us with that. They (some of the Prophet's Companions) came and informed him about this (rankling of theirs), whereupon he said: It was not I who provided you with a mount, but Allah has provided you with that. '''So far as I am concerned, by Allah, if He so wills, I would not swear, but if, later on, I would see better than it, I (would break the vow) and expiate it and do that which is better.'''|}}


According to Al-Suyuti (d. 1505) Quran, Surah al-Imran 3:28 mentions Taqqiya.  
{{Quote|{{Muslim|15|4052}}|
Abu Huraira reported: A person sat late in the night with Allah's Apostle (may peace be upon him), and then came to his family and found that his children had gone to sleep. His wife brought food for him. but he took an oath that he would not eat because of his children (having gone to sleep without food) He then gave precedence (of breaking the vow and then expiating it) and ate the food He then came to Allah s Messenger (may peace be upon him) and made mention of that to him, whereupon Allah's Messenger (may peace he upon him) said: '''He who took an oath and (later on) found something better than that should do that, and expiate for (breaking) his vow.'''|}}


{{Quote|1=[http://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=0&tTafsirNo=74&tSoraNo=3&tAyahNo=28&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=2 Tafsir al-Jalalayn]<BR>Tafsir Al-Suyuti|2=Let not the believers take the disbelievers as patrons, rather than, that is, instead of, the believers — for whoever does that, that is, [whoever] takes them as patrons, does not belong to, the religion of, God in anyway — unless you protect yourselves against them, as a safeguard (tuqātan, ‘as a safeguard’, is the verbal noun from taqiyyatan), that is to say, [unless] you fear something, in which case you may show patronage to them through words, but not in your hearts: this was before the hegemony of Islam and [the dispensation] applies to any individual residing in a land with no say in it.}}
{{Quote|{{Muslim|15|4053}}|
Abu Huraira reported Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) as saying: '''He who took an oath and then found another thing better than (this) should expiate for the oath (broken) by him and do (the better thing).'''|}}


==Hadiths related to lying==
{{Quote|{{Muslim|15|4054}}|
Abu Huraira reported Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) as saying: '''He who took an oath and (later on) found another thing better than that, he should do that which is better, and expiate for the vow (broken by him).'''|}}


'''General Lying'''<BR>
{{Quote|{{Muslim|15|4055}}|
The following seems to say that a person can knowingly get two of his friends to ''lie'' about the consent given by a woman and the marriage will be upheld. So if she turns him down, all he needs to do is get two friends to lie and she will be his wife legally:


{{Quote|{{Bukhari|9|86|100}}| Narrated Abu Haraira:<BR>
This hadith is narrated on the authority of Suhail with the same chain of transmitters (with these words): "He should expiate for (breaking) the vow and do that which is better."|}}


Allah's Apostle said, "A lady slave should not be given in marriage until she is consulted, and a virgin should not be given in marriage until her permission is granted." The people said, "How will she express her permission?" The Prophet said, "By keeping silent (when asked her consent)." Some people said, "If a man, by playing a trick, presents two false witnesses before the judge to testify that he has married a matron with her consent and the judge confirms his marriage, and the husband is sure that he has never married her (before), then such a marriage will be considered as a legal one and he may live with her as husband." | See also: {{Bukhari|9|86|98}} and {{Bukhari|9|86|101}} }}
{{Quote|{{Muslim|15|4058}}|
'Adi reported Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) as saying: '''When anyone amongst you takes an oath, but he finds (something) better than that he should expiate (the breaking of the oath), and do that which is better.'''|}}


For more accuracy in translation, the Arabic for the above hadith is:
{{Quote|{{Muslim|15|4062}}|
Abd al-Rahman b. Samura reported that Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) said to me: Abd al-Rahman b. Samura, don't ask for authority for if it is granted to you for asking for it, you would be commissioned for it (without having the support of Allah), but if you are granted it without your asking for it. You would be helped (by Allah) in it. '''And when you take an oath and find something else better than that, expiate for (breaking) your oath, and do that which is better. This hadith has also been transmitted on the authority of Ibn Farrukh.'''}}


{{Quote|1=[http://hadith.al-islam.com/Page.aspx?pageid=192&BookID=24&PID=6678 Sahih Bukhari - Hadith #6570], or see [http://wikiislam.net/w/uploads/1/1e/Al-islam-hadith-6570.JPG screenshot]|2=
===Abu Dawud===


حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو عَاصِمٍ عَنْ ابْنِ جُرَيْجٍ عَنْ ابْنِ أَبِي مُلَيْكَةَ عَنْ ذَكْوَانَ عَنْ عَائِشَةَ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهَا قَالَتْ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ الْبِكْرُ تُسْتَأْذَنُ قُلْتُ إِنَّ الْبِكْرَ تَسْتَحْيِي قَالَ إِذْنُهَا صُمَاتُهَا وَقَالَ بَعْضُ النَّاسِ إِنْ هَوِيَ رَجُلٌ جَارِيَةً يَتِيمَةً أَوْ بِكْرًا فَأَبَتْ فَاحْتَالَ فَجَاءَ بِشَاهِدَيْ زُورٍ عَلَى أَنَّهُ تَزَوَّجَهَا فَأَدْرَكَتْ فَرَضِيَتْ الْيَتِيمَةُ فَقَبِلَ الْقَاضِي شَهَادَةَ الزُّورِ وَالزَّوْجُ يَعْلَمُ بِبُطْلَانِ ذَلِكَ حَلَّ لَهُ الْوَطْءُ }}
{{Quote|[{{Reference archive|1=http://quranmalayalam.com/hadees/abudawud/014.sat.html|2=2011-10-30}} Abu Dawud 14:2631]|Narrated Ka'b ibn Malik:


The actual translation is:
When the Prophet (peace be upon him) intended to go on an expedition, he always pretended to be going somewhere else, and he would say: '''War is deception'''.}}


{{Quote||“Abu Asem told us from Ibn Goreh, from the son of Abi Molaika, from Zokwan, from Aisha (May Allah be pleased with her) that: Allah’s apostle (PBUH) said that a virgin’s consent is taken. I said: "A virgin feels shy". He said, ”Her silence is her consent.” And some people said that if a man falls in love with an orphan odalisque or a virgin and she refuses him. Then, he does a trick by bringing two false witnesses that he married her and the orphan realized  it (the trick) and gave her consent and the judge acknowledged the false witnesses and the husband is aware of its falsehood, then is lawful for him to copulate with her.”}}
===Malik's Muwatta===


{{Bukhari|9|86|101}} adds an extra clause "and then she attains the age of puberty", which we can see is not present in the Arabic version of the hadith and thus was most likely added by the translator Muhsin Khan himself.
==Sira==


For more Islamic sources and information about consent in marriage, see: [[Forced Marriage]].
===Ibn Ishaq===


<BR>'''Lying in War'''
{{Quote|Ishaq:323|'''I am the best of plotters. I deceived them with My guile''' so that I delivered you from them.}}


{{Quote|{{Abudawud|14|2629}}, {{Abudawud|14|2631}}|"Narrated Ka'b ibn Malik: When the Prophet (salla Allahu 'alayhi wa sallam) intended to go on an expedition, he always pretended to be going somewhere else, and he would say: War is deception." }}
{{Quote|Ishaq:383|One of the young men's fathers confronted Muhammad and said, ‘'''You have robbed my son of his life by your deception''' and brought great sorrow to me.'}}


{{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|52|267}}, See also: {{Bukhari|4|52|268}}, and {{Bukhari|4|52|269}}|Narrated Abu Huraira: The Prophet said, "Khosrau will be ruined, and there will be no Khosrau after him, and Caesar will surely be ruined and there will be no Caesar after him, and you will spend their treasures in Allah's Cause." He called, "War is deceit'. }}
{{Quote|Ishaq:442|By Muhammad's order '''we beguiled them'''.}}


==Muslims scholars and companions of Muhammad on Taqiyyah==
{{Quote|Ishaq:496|‘By Allah you lie,' one said to another. ‘'''Liar yourself'''!' ‘You are a disaffected person arguing on behalf of the diseased.}}


{{Quote|Reliance of the Traveler, p. 746 - 8.2 (Shaffi Fiqh)|  "Speaking is a means to achieve objectives. If a praiseworthy aim is attainable through both telling the truth and lying, it is unlawful to accomplish through lying because there is no need for it.  When it is possible to achieve such an aim by lying but not by telling the truth, it is permissible to lie if attaining the goal is permissible (N:i.e. when the purpose of lying is to circumvent someone who is preventing one from doing something permissible), and obligatory to lie if the goal is obligatory... it is religiously precautionary in all cases to employ words that give a misleading impression...<ref>[http://www.mideastweb.org/Middle-East-Encyclopedia/taqiyah.htm Taqiyah] - Encyclopedia of the Middle East</ref>}}
===Al Tabari===


Al-Tabari's (d. 923) famous tafsir (exegesis of the Koran) is a standard and authoritative reference work in the entire Muslim world. Regarding 3:28, he writes:
{{Quote|{{Tabari|7|p. 85}}|The Jews of the Qaynuqa replied, ‘Muhammad, do you think that we are like your people? Do not be deluded by the fact that '''you met a people with no knowledge and you made good use of your opportunity'''.'}}


{{Quote|Tabari|"If you [Muslims] are under their [infidels'] authority, fearing for yourselves, behave loyally to them, with your tongue, while harboring inner animosity for them. … Allah has forbidden believers from being friendly or on intimate terms with the infidels in place of believers — except when infidels are above them [in authority]. In such a scenario, let them act friendly towards them." Regarding 3:28,}}  
{{Quote|{{Tabari|8|p. 23}}|The Messenger and his Companions continued in the fear and distress that Allah has described in the Qur'an. Then Nu'aym came to the Prophet. ‘'''I ‘ve become a Muslim, but my tribe does not know of my Islam'''; so command me whatever you will.' '''Muhammad said, ‘Make them abandon each other if you can so that they will leave us; for war is deception.''''}}


Ibn Kathir (second in authority only to Tabari) writes,
{{Quote|{{Tabari|9|p. 36}}|‘Prophet, this group of Ansar have a grudge against you for what you did with the booty and how you divided it among you own people.' ‘Ansar, what is this talk I hear from you? What is the grudge you harbor against me? Do you think ill of me? Did I not come to you when you were erring and needy, and then made rich by Allah?' ‘You came to us discredited, when your message was rejected by the Quraysh, and we believed you. You were forsaken and deserted and we assisted you. You were a fugitive and we took you in, sheltering you. You were poor and in need, and we comforted you.}}


{{Quote||"Whoever at any time or place fears their [infidels'] evil may protect himself through outward show."<ref name="Tafsir Ibn Kathir">[http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=3&tid=8052 The Prohibition of Supporting the Disbelievers] - Tafsir Ibn Kathir</ref>}}
==Scholars==


As proof of this, he quotes Muhammad's close companion, Abu Darda, who said,
===Classical===


{{Quote||"We smile in the face of some people [non-Muslims] while our hearts curse them"<ref name="Tafsir Ibn Kathir"></ref>}}
All quotations are taken from authoritative Sunni (i.e. orthodox Islamic) sources, none are taken from Shi'ite sources.


Another companion, al-Hassan, said,  
{{Quote|1=[http://www.shafiifiqh.com/maktabah/relianceoftraveller.pdf Reliance of the Traveller: A Classic Manual of Islamic Sacred Law]<BR>Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri, Edited and Translated by Nuh Ha Mim Keller (p. 745, r8.2)|2=Imam Abu Hammid Ghazali says: "Speaking is a means to achieve objectives. If a praiseworthy aim is attainable through both telling the truth and lying, it is unlawful to accomplish through lying because there is no need for it. When it is possible to achieve such an aim by lying but not by telling the truth, '''it is permissible to lie if attaining the goal is permissible''' (N:i.e. when the purpose of lying is to circumvent someone who is preventing one from doing something permissible), '''and obligatory to lie if the goal is obligatory'''... it is religiously precautionary in all cases to employ words that give a misleading impression..."}}


{{Quote||"Doing taqiyya is acceptable till the Day of Judgment [i.e., in perpetuity].<ref name="Tafsir Ibn Kathir"></ref>}}
{{Quote|1=[http://kitaabun.com/shopping3/product_info.php?products_id=2808 Jami' al-Bayan 'an ta'wil ayi'l-Qur'an al-Ma'ruf: Tafsir at-Tabari]<BR>Abu Ja'far Muhammad at-Tabari, Beirut: Dar Ihya' at-Turath al-'Arabi, 2001 (vol. 3, p. 267)|2=If you [Muslims] are under their [infidels'] authority, fearing for yourselves, '''behave loyally to them, with your tongue, while harboring inner animosity for them'''. … Allah has forbidden believers from being friendly or on intimate terms with the infidels in place of believers — except when infidels are above them [in authority]. In such a scenario, let them act friendly towards them.}}


A recent fatwa from Sheikh Muhammed Salih Al-Munajjid's Islam Q&A.
{{Quote|1=[http://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=0&tTafsirNo=74&tSoraNo=3&tAyahNo=28&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=2 Surah 3 Ayah 28]<BR>Tafsir al-Jalalayn, trans. Feras Hamza, 2012 Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought|2=Let not the believers take the disbelievers as patrons, rather than, that is, instead of, the believers — for whoever does that, that is, [whoever] takes them as patrons, does not belong to, the religion of, God in anyway — unless you protect yourselves against them, '''as a safeguard (tuqātan, ‘as a safeguard’, is the verbal noun from taqiyyatan), that is to say, [unless] you fear something, in which case you may show patronage to them through words''', but not in your hearts: this was before the hegemony of Islam and [the dispensation] applies to any individual residing in a land with no say in it.}}


{{Quote| 1=[http://islamqa.com/en/ref/59879 What is meant by taking the kuffaar as friends? Ruling on mixing with the kuffaar]<BR>Islam Q&A, Fatwa No. 59879|2=This verse [Adwa’ al-Bayaan, 2/98,99 ] explains all the verses quoted above which forbid taking the kaafirs as friends in general terms. What that refers to is in cases where one has a choice, but in cases of fear and '''taqiyah''' it is permissible to make friends with them, as much as is essential to protect oneself against their evil. That is subject to the condition that one’s faith should not be affected by that friendship and the one who is behaves in that manner out of necessity is not one who behaves in that manner out of choice.  
{{Quote|1=[http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=3&tid=8052 The Prohibition of Supporting the Disbelievers]<BR>Tafsir Ibn Kathir|2=(unless you indeed fear a danger from them) meaning, except those believers who in some areas or times fear for their safety from the disbelievers. In this case, such believers are allowed to show friendship to the disbelievers outwardly, but never inwardly. For instance, Al-Bukhari recorded that Abu Ad-Darda' said, "'''We smile in the face of some people although our hearts curse them'''. Al-Bukhari said that Al-Hasan said, "'''The Tuqyah is allowed until the Day of Resurrection'''.}}


It may be understood from the apparent meaning of these verses that the one who deliberately takes the kuffaar as friends by choice and because he likes them, is one of them}}
{{Quote|1=[http://kitaabun.com/shopping3/product_info.php?products_id=259 Tafseer Kabeer (The Great Commentary)]<BR>Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, vol. 2, p. 626, Published Istanbul|2='''Undoubtedly, there is no harm in practicing Taqiyyah''' if a believer is caught up between non-believers and his life or property is under threat from them. In such circumstances he should conceal his enmity from them. Infact, he should talk in such a manner that his words should show passion. His hear should not confirm what he is saying. Taqiyyah does not have an effect on one's heart; it only has an external effect.}}


According to eminent Islamic scholar Imam Ghazali, lying is acceptable if the goal is permissible:
===Modern===


{{Quote||When it is possible to achieve such an aim by lying but not by telling the truth, it is permissible to lie if attaining the goal is permissible<ref>Ahmad Ibn Naqib al-Misri, The Reliance of the Traveller, translated by Nuh Ha Mim Keller, Amana publications, 1997, section r8.2, page 745.</ref>}}
Again, all quotations are taken from authoritative Sunni (i.e. orthodox Islamic) sources, none are taken from Shi'ite sources.


==See Also==
{{Quote|1=[{{Reference archive|1=http://amjaonline.com/00en_f1_details.php?fid=937|2=2013-04-13}} Lying for repulsing evil]<BR>Dr. Salah Al-Sawy, AMJA Online, Question ID: 937, November 17, 2005|2='''Question:'''
 
In the name of Allah the Beneficent the Merciful
 
Peace, blessings and mercy of Allah be upon you.
 
My father has an illicit relationship with a woman other than my mother and he refuses to marry her and he spends on her abundantly, and at the same time, he is tightfisted on his house. My mother knew what he spends on her, without his knowledge, through reading a list he keeps in his pocket. She used tricks to make sedition between them by claiming that someone called us and said that he spent that sum and that sum on that woman. My father asked my testimony and I supported my mother’s claim. Are my mother and I sinful by lying on my father, or is it considered “permissible” lying? How do you counsel us to solve this problem? Jazakum Allahu Khairan.
'''Answer:'''
 
In the name of Allah the Beneficent the Merciful
 
Praise be to Allah, prayers and peace be upon His kind Messenger, his family members, companions and followers.
 
Lying is a grave sin and a bad conduct that should not be resorted to by anyone who believes in Allah and in the Day of Judgment, '''except under the compelling strokes of necessity''', because, as the prophet, prayers and peace of Allah be upon him, said: “That lying leads to dissolution, and that dissolution leads to hellfire, and a person is always lying and seeks lying until he is registered unto Allah that he is a liar”. If someone is compelled to lying, '''he can indirectly say something that his listener can understand something else'''. However, your father should be reached out by a sincere advice that he should fear Allah and that his relationship with that woman is against his reputation, his old age, and his religion, that would expose him to Allah’s wrath and contempt. I would say to him what the Arab poet has said: “Suffice it to you old age and Islam to restrain you”.
 
As for your mother, it would be better for her that she would approach your father in their privacy and tell him that she knows what is going on between him and that woman, and that she is patient on that situation in consideration for the family and intimate ties between them and that her patience has reached a warning limit of no more if he goes on like this, and that she reminds him of Allah and frightens him of His wrath and contempt, that he may come back to his senses and sincerely repent to Allah. Allah knows best.  }}
 
{{Quote|1=[{{Reference archive|1=http://islamqa.com/en/ref/59879|2=2013-06-07}} What is meant by taking the kuffaar as friends? Ruling on mixing with the kuffaar]<BR>Islam Q&A, Fatwa No. 59879|2=Shaykh al-Shanqeeti (may Allaah have mercy on him) said:
 
:In this verse [al-Maa’idah 5:51] Allaah tells us that whoever takes the Jews and Christians as friends is one of them because of his taking them as friends... [Aal ‘Imraan 3:28]
 
:This verse explains all the verses quoted above which forbid taking the kaafirs as friends in general terms. What that refers to is in cases where one has a choice, but '''in cases of fear and taqiyah it is permissible to make friends with them''', as much as is essential to protect oneself against their evil. That is subject to the condition that one’s faith should not be affected by that friendship and the one who is behaves in that manner out of necessity is not one who behaves in that manner out of choice.
 
:It may be understood from the apparent meaning of these verses that the one who deliberately takes the kuffaar as friends by choice and because he likes them, is one of them.
Adwa’ al-Bayaan, 2/98,99 <BR>. . .<BR>
 
Shaykh Muhammad al-Saalih al-‘Uthaymeen (may Allaah have mercy on him) was asked about the ruling on mixing with the kuffaar and treating them kindly hoping that they will become Muslim. He replied: 
 
:'''Undoubtedly the Muslim is obliged to hate the enemies of Allaah and to disavow them''', because this is the way of the Messengers and their followers. [Quotes al-Mumtahanah 60:4 & al-Mujaadilah 58:22]
 
:Based on this, it is not permissible for a Muslim to feel any love in his heart towards the enemies of Allaah who are in fact his enemies too. [Quotes al-Mumtahanah 60:1]


* [[Lying]]'' - A hub page that leads to other articles related to lying''
:'''But if a Muslim treats them with kindness and gentleness in the hope that they will become Muslim and will believe, there is nothing wrong with that''', because it comes under the heading of opening their hearts to Islam. But '''if he despairs of them becoming Muslim, then he should treat them accordingly'''. This is something that is discussed in detail by the scholars, especially in the book Ahkaam Ahl al-Dhimmah by Ibn al-Qayyim (may Allaah have mercy on him).
* [[Problems on Wikipedia for Islam-related articles]]'' - An example of a Muslim using deception''
Majmoo’ Fataawa al-Shaykh Ibn ‘Uthaymeen, 3, question no. 389.}}


==Downloads==
{{Quote|1=[http://islamicstudies.info/maarif/surah3.htm Surah Al-Imran 3:28-30]<BR>Muhammad Shafi Usmani, Maarif ul Quran (p. 57)|2=..the purpose is to stay safe from any possible harm coming through them. The words (“unless you have a fear of them”) appearing in this verse means that…friendship with disbelievers is not permissible '''except''' when you are in a situation where you want to defend yourself against them.}}


*[http://tool.donation-net.net/Images/Email/1097/Taqiyya_and_Islam_s_rules_of_war.pdf How Taqiyya Alters Islam's Rules of War] ''- By Raymond Ibrahim''
{{Quote|1=[http://islamicstudies.info/dawat/surah3.htm Surah 3 Ayah 28]<BR>Shams Pirzada, Dawat ul Quran, trans. Abdul Karim Shaikh|2=That is: If the faithful are trapped in the midst of the infidels and if they, as a mean of safeguard, '''take them as their friends for appearances sake, then there is nothing wrong in it'''; but here emphasised that we should fear Allah and not indulge in doing a thing which would harm the interests of the religion...}}


==External Links==
{{Quote|1=[{{Reference archive|1=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamicstudies.info%2Ftafheem.php%3Fsura%3D3%26verse%3D21%26to%3D30|2=2013-06-07}}<!-- http://www.islamicstudies.info/tafheem.php?sura=3&verse=21&to=30 --> Surah 3 Ayah 28]<BR>Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi, Tafhim al-Qur'an|2=''"(3:28) The believers may not take the unbelievers for their allies in preference to those who believe. Whoever does this has nothing to do with Allah unless he does so in order to protect himself from their wrong-doing..."''


'''Articles'''
This means that it is lawful for a believer, helpless in the grip of the enemies of Islam and in imminent danger of severe wrong and persecution, to keep his faith concealed and '''to behave in such a manner as to create the impression that he is on the same side''' as his enemies. A person whose Muslim identity is discovered is permitted to adopt a friendly attitude owards the unbelievers in order to save his life. If he considers himself incapable of enduring the excesses to which he may be subjected, he may even state that he is not a believer.


*[http://www.islam-watch.org/IW/IslamicDeception.htm Islamic Deception] ''- [[Islam Watch]]''
''"...Allah warns you to beware of Him for it is to Allah that you will return."''
*[http://answering-islam.org/Index/T/taqiyya.html Taqiyya] ''- [[Answering Islam]]''


'''Videos'''
One should not be overwhelmed by the fear of other human beings to the extent of losing the fear of God. Human beings can harm a man but the most they can do is to ruin his transient, earthly life. God, on the other hand, can subject him to everlasting torment. If one is constrained in extraordinary circumstances to resort to a prudent '''concealment of faith (taqiyah)''' in order to save one's life, this concealment should remain within reasonable limits. The most one is permitted to do is to protect one's life and property without jeopardizing either the interests of Islam or of the Muslim community as a whole, and without causing loss of life and property to other Muslims. One must never allow saving one's own life to lead to the propagation of unbelief at the expense of Islam and to the dominance of unbelievers over Muslims. Here the believers are warned that, no matter how dangerous the circumstances surrounding them, they cannot escape God's reproach if they give substantial aid to those rebelling against Him, and cause any harm to God's chosen religion, to the community of believers or to any individual believer. For, it is to God that one will ultimately return for reckoning.}}


*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AMc3XMB6ZZg Former Muslims and experts on Islam including Abdullah Al-Araby, Robert Spencer, Walid Shoebat and Bat Ye'or talk about lying in Islam]
==See Also==
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OFniqt0Dysc Youtube user talks about his experience in Morroco where he found salesmen commonly lied to him to promote their goods]
*[[Lying]]'' - A hub page that leads to other articles related to lying''
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mORQ7fNp4ek Youtube user talks about the Ka'ab assasination where Muhammad allowed a person to lie]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qx3MpeyA5XI&feature=related Taqiyya and Jihad]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PNkZVsLIwQo&feature=player_embedded Egyptian Cleric Mahmoud Al-Masri Recommends Tricking Jews into Becoming Muslims]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


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