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===The Caliphate of Muaawiya=== | ===The Caliphate of Muaawiya=== | ||
Muaawiya succeeded Ali as caliph in January 661.<ref>Jarrett/Suyuti pp. 178, 197.</ref> He was criticised for his nepotism and for his toleration of silk, stringed instruments and alcohol.<ref>{{Tabari|18|p. 154}}.</ref> He was not criticised for being “the first who introduced eunuchs into his service,”<ref>Jarrett/Suyuti p. 21.</ref> i.e., | Muaawiya succeeded Ali as caliph in January 661.<ref>Jarrett/Suyuti pp. 178, 197.</ref> He was criticised for his nepotism and for his toleration of silk, stringed instruments and alcohol.<ref>{{Tabari|18|p. 154}}.</ref> He was not criticised for being “the first who introduced eunuchs into his service,”<ref>Jarrett/Suyuti p. 21.</ref> i.e., who ordered the castration of his slaves. He continued the Islamic conquests, consolidating gains in Persia and modern Afghanistan and adding Sudan to the empire.<ref>Jarrett/Suyuti pp. 198-199.</ref> | ||
Muaawiya had no reason to dislike Aisha, who had been his enemy’s enemy. He did not even need to take active steps to “keep her out of politics” by maintaining her house-arrest, for he moved the capital of the Islamic empire to Damascus,<ref>Muir (1924) p. 291.</ref> so the great affairs of state no longer occurred on Aisha’s doorstep in the mosque at Medina. Therefore Muaawiya had nothing to lose by showing Aisha, at least superficially, the deference due to the foremost Mother of the Faithful. He requested her, “Write a letter to advise me, and do not overburden me.” Aisha’s polite reply deliberately avoided all political controversy. | Muaawiya had no reason to dislike Aisha, who had been his enemy’s enemy. He did not even need to take active steps to “keep her out of politics” by maintaining her house-arrest, for he moved the capital of the Islamic empire to Damascus,<ref>Muir (1924) p. 291.</ref> so the great affairs of state no longer occurred on Aisha’s doorstep in the mosque at Medina. Therefore Muaawiya had nothing to lose by showing Aisha, at least superficially, the deference due to the foremost Mother of the Faithful. He requested her, “Write a letter to advise me, and do not overburden me.” Aisha’s polite reply deliberately avoided all political controversy. | ||