Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Dhimma: Difference between revisions

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{{QuranHadithScholarsIndex}}
{{QuranHadithScholarsIndex}}
==Kafir==
{{QualityScore|Lead=4|Structure=4|Content=2|Language=4|References=2}}
 
The "[[Dhimma]]" or "responsibility/protection" is the compact which the Islamic state makes for the "protection" of its non-Muslim subjects. According to British-Egyptian scholar Bat Ye'or <ref> Bat Ye'or, "Terres arabes: terres de 'dhimmitude'", in La Cultura Sefardita, vol. 1, La Rassegna mensile di Israel 44, no. 1-4, 3rd series (1983): 94-102</ref>, the dhimma is the continuation of [[Jihad]], the subjection of a non-Muslim people to the political rule of Islam. As part of the dhimma, the conquered people are humiliated and forced to pay for the very right to live through the [[jizya]]. The subjects of the dhimma or "protection" are the dhimmis, whose lives and religions are tolerated, though the dhimmis themselves are subject to numerous personal restrictions that reduce them to the state of 2nd class citizens, while their religion is neutered of any possible threat it could pose to Islam. The scholars are quite clear, in agreement with the Qur'an, that the dhimmis must feel themselves humiliated and subdued, never equals to Muslims. According to the scholars, it ought to apply to all non-Muslims living under Muslim rule at all times and should be the only choice given to all infidel people in the world besides conversion to Islam or death. As such the dhimma can be seen as an extension of the warlike state of the Islamic polity towards its conquered subjects, a never ending jihad to wipe [[kufr]] and [[shirk]] from the face of the earth. Although ISIS did attempt to bring back the dhimma in Iraq, this proved short-lived as their caliphate. Outside of extremists like ISIS, debate continues to take place in the Islamic scholarly world over the place of jizya and other dhimmi laws in modern Islamic societies. Although most of the injunctions against dhimmis, such as that they always give way to Muslims on the street, that their testimony in criminal court not be entered as evidence against a Muslims, that they wear special clothing, have not been enforced in most Islamic countries for decades (in most of the Middle East this came to a complete end with the collapse of the Ottoman Empire at the end of the first World War), Islamic scholars to this day do continue their calls for re-instatement of the dhimma upon non-Muslims as part of a continuation of Jihad.
 
==Qur'anic Basis==


===Curse the Kafir===
===Curse the Kafir===
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{{Quote|{{Quran|5|64}}|And the Jews say: The hand of Allah is tied up! Their hands shall be shackled and '''they shall be cursed for what they say.''' Nay, both His hands are spread out, He expends as He pleases; and what has been revealed to you from your Lord will certainly make many of them increase in inordinacy and unbelief; and We have put enmity and hatred among them till the day of resurrection; whenever they kindle a fire for war Allah puts it out, and they strive to make mischief in the land; and Allah does not love the mischief-makers.}}
{{Quote|{{Quran|5|64}}|And the Jews say: The hand of Allah is tied up! Their hands shall be shackled and '''they shall be cursed for what they say.''' Nay, both His hands are spread out, He expends as He pleases; and what has been revealed to you from your Lord will certainly make many of them increase in inordinacy and unbelief; and We have put enmity and hatred among them till the day of resurrection; whenever they kindle a fire for war Allah puts it out, and they strive to make mischief in the land; and Allah does not love the mischief-makers.}}
{{Quote|{{Quran|9|30}}|The Jews call 'Uzair a son of Allah, and the Christians call Christ the son of Allah. That is a saying from their mouth; (in this) they but imitate what the unbelievers of old used to say. Allah's curse be on them: how they are deluded away from the Truth!}}
{{Quote|{{Quran|9|30}}|The Jews call 'Uzair a son of Allah, and the Christians call Christ the son of Allah. That is a saying from their mouth; (in this) they but imitate what the unbelievers of old used to say. Allah's curse be on them: how they are deluded away from the Truth!}}
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|5|12|16}}| Allah did aforetime take a covenant from the Children of Israel, and we appointed twelve captains among them. And Allah said: “I am with you: if ye (but) establish regular prayers, practice regular charity, believe in my messengers, honor and assist them, and loan to Allah a beautiful loan, verily I will wipe out from you your evils, and admit you to gardens with rivers flowing beneath; but if any of you, after this, resisteth faith, he hath truly wandered from the path of rectitude.”
But because of their breach of their covenant. We cursed them, and made their hearts grow hard; they change the words from their (right) places and forget a good part of the message that was sent them, nor wilt thou cease to find them—barring a few—ever bent on (new) deceits: but forgive them, and overlook (their misdeeds): for Allah loveth those who are kind.
From those, too, who call themselves Christians, We did take a covenant, but they forgot a good part of the message that was sent them: so we estranged them, with enmity and hatred between the one and the other, to the day of judgment. And soon will Allah show them what it is they have done.
O People of the Book! There hath come to you our Messenger, revealing to you much that ye used to hide in the Book, and passing over much (that is now unnecessary): There hath come to you from Allah a (new) light and a perspicuous Book, wherewith Allah guideth all who seek His good pleasure to ways of peace and safety, and leadeth them out of darkness, by His will, unto the light, guideth them to a path that is straight}}
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|2|87|103}}|We gave Moses the Book and followed him up with a succession of messengers; We gave Jesus the son of Mary Clear (Signs) and strengthened him with the holy spirit. Is it that whenever there comes to you a messenger with what ye yourselves desire not, ye are puffed up with pride? Some ye called impostors, and others ye slay! They say, “Our hearts are the wrappings (which preserve Allah’s Word: we need no more).”
Nay, Allah’s curse is on them for their blasphemy: Little is it they believe. And when there comes to them a Book from Allah, confirming what is with them, although from of old they had prayed for victory against those without Faith, when there comes to them that which they (should) have recognized, they refuse to believe in it but the curse of Allah is on those without Faith. Miserable is the price for which they have sold their souls, in that they deny (the revelation) which Allah has sent down, in insolent envy that Allah of His Grace should send it to any of His servants He pleases: Thus have they drawn on themselves Wrath upon Wrath. And humiliating is the punishment of those who reject Faith.
When it is said to them. “Believe in what Allah Hath sent down,” they say, “We believe in what was sent down to us”: yet they reject all besides, even if it be Truth confirming what is with them. Say: “Why then have ye slain the prophets of Allah in times gone by. if ye did indeed believe?”
There came to you Moses with clear (Signs); yet ye worshipped the calf (even) after that, and ye did behave wrongfully. And remember We took your covenant and We raised above you (the towering height) of Mount (Sinai), (saying): “Hold firmly to what We have given you, and hearken (to the Law).” They said: “We hear, and we disobey.” And they had to drink into their hearts (of the taint) of the calf because of their Faithlessness. Say: “Vile indeed are the behests of your Faith if ye have any faith!”. . .
Say: Whoever is an enemy to Gabriel—for he brings down the (revelation) to thy heart by Allah’s will, a confirmation of what went before, and guidance and glad tidings for those who believe—whoever is an enemy to Allah and His angels and messengers, to Gabriel and Michael, lo! Allah is an enemy to those who reject Faith. We have sent down to thee Manifest Signs (ayat); and none reject them but those who are perverse. Is it not (the case) that every time they make a covenant, some party among them throw it aside? Nay. Most of them are faithless. And when there came to them a messenger from Allah, confirming what was with them, a party of the people of the Book threw away the Book of Allah behind their backs, as if (it had been something) they did not know! … If they had kept their Faith and guarded themselves from evil, far better had been the reward from their Lord, if they but knew!}}
===The Place of the Dhimmi in Islamic Society===
{{Quote|{{Quran|9|29}}|Fight those who believe not in Allah nor the Last Day, nor hold that forbidden which hath been forbidden by Allah and His Messenger, nor acknowledge the religion of Truth, (even if they are) of the People of the Book, '''until they pay the Jizya with willing submission, and feel themselves subdued.'''}}


==Preferential Treatment of Muslims==
==Preferential Treatment of Muslims==
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Allaah Knows best.}}
Allaah Knows best.}}


==Jizya Tax ==
==Jizya Tax==
{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Jizyah}}
{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Jizyah}}


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{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Friendship with Non-Muslims}}
{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Friendship with Non-Muslims}}


==Treatment of Dhimmis ==
==Treatment of Dhimmis==


===Jews and Christians===
===Jews and Christians===
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This is because they say: The fire shall not touch us but for a few days; and what they have forged deceives them in the matter of their religion.}}
This is because they say: The fire shall not touch us but for a few days; and what they have forged deceives them in the matter of their religion.}}
{{Quote|{{Quran|8|49}}|Lo! the hypocrites say, and those in whose hearts is a disease: '''"These people,- their religion has misled them."''' But if any trust in Allah, behold! Allah is Exalted in might, Wise. }}
{{Quote|{{Quran|8|49}}|Lo! the hypocrites say, and those in whose hearts is a disease: '''"These people,- their religion has misled them."''' But if any trust in Allah, behold! Allah is Exalted in might, Wise. }}
====Apostates are Damned to Hell====
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|27}}|Those who break the covenant of Allah after ratifying it, and sever that which Allah ordered to be joined, and (who) make mischief in the earth: T'''hose are they who are the losers.'''}}
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|39 }}|But they who disbelieve, and deny Our revelations, '''such are rightful Peoples of the Fire. They will abide therein.''' }}
{{quote | {{cite quran|3|90|end=91|style=ref}} |
Lo! those who disbelieve after their (profession of) belief, and afterward grow violent in disbelief: their repentance will not be accepted. And such are those who are astray.<BR>Lo! those who disbelieve, and die in disbelief, the (whole) earth full of gold would not be accepted from such an one if it were offered as a ransom (for his soul). '''Theirs will be a painful doom and they will have no helpers.'''}}
{{Quote|{{Quran|4|114}}|If anyone contends with the Messenger even after guidance has been plainly conveyed to him, and follows a path other than that becoming to men of Faith, We shall leave him in the path he has chosen, '''and land him in Hell,'''- what an evil refuge!}}
{{Quote|{{Quran|9|66}}|Make no excuse. Ye have disbelieved after your (confession of) belief. If We forgive a party of you, a party of you '''We shall punish''' because they have been guilty. }}
{{Quote|{{Quran|9|74}}|They swear by Allah that they said nothing (evil), but indeed they uttered blasphemy, and they did it after accepting Islam; and they meditated a plot which they were unable to carry out: this revenge of theirs was (their) only return for the bounty with which Allah and His Messenger had enriched them! If they repent, it will be best for them; but if they turn back (to their evil ways), '''Allah will punish them with a grievous penalty in this life and in the Hereafter:''' They shall have none on earth to protect or help them.}}
{{quote | {{cite quran|47|25|end=26|style=ref}} |
Those who turn back as apostates after Guidance was clearly shown to them,- the Evil One has instigated them and busied them up with false hopes.<BR>This, because they said to those who hate what Allah has revealed, "We will obey you in part of (this) matter"; but Allah knows their (inner) secrets.}}
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|8|76|585}}|Narrated Abu Hazim from Sahl bin Sa'd: The Prophet said, "I am your predecessor (forerunner) at the Lake-Fount, and whoever will pass by there, he will drink from it and whoever will drink from it, he will never be thirsty. There will come to me some people whom I will recognize, and they will recognize me, but a barrier will be placed between me and them." Abu Hazim added: An-Nu'man bin Abi 'Aiyash, on hearing me, said. "Did you hear this from Sahl?" I said, "Yes." He said, " I bear witness that I heard Abu Said Al-Khudri saying the same, adding that the Prophet said: 'I will say: They are of me (i.e. my followers). It will be said, 'You do not know what they innovated (new things) in the religion after you left'. I will say, ''''Far removed, far removed (from mercy), those who changed (their religion) after me."''' Abu Huraira narrated that the Prophet said, "On the Day of Resurrection a group of companions will come to me, but will be driven away from the Lake-Fount, and I will say, 'O Lord (those are) my companions!' It will be said, 'You have no knowledge as to what they innovated after you left; they turned apostate as renegades (reverted from Islam)."|See Also {{Bukhari|8|76|586}}}}
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|8|76|587}}|Narrated Abu Huraira: The Prophet said, "While I was sleeping, a group (of my followers were brought close to me), and when I recognized them, a man (an angel) came out from amongst (us) me and them, he said (to them), 'Come along.' I asked, 'Where?' He said, ''''To the (Hell) Fire, by Allah'''' I asked, 'what is wrong with them' He said, 'They turned apostate as renegades after you left.' Then behold! (Another) group (of my followers) were brought close to me, and when I recognized them, a man (an angel) came out from (me and them) he said (to them); Come along.' I asked, "Where?' He said, 'To the (Hell) Fire, by Allah.' I asked, What is wrong with them?' He said, 'They turned apostate as renegades after you left. So I did not see anyone of them escaping except a few who were like camels without a shepherd."}}


====Death is Ordained for Apostates====
====Death is Ordained for Apostates====
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{{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|52|288}}|Narrated Said bin Jubair: Ibn 'Abbas said, "Thursday! What (great thing) took place on Thursday!" Then he started weeping till his tears wetted the gravels of the ground . Then he said, "On Thursday the illness of Allah's Apostle was aggravated and he said, "Fetch me writing materials so that I may have something written to you after which you will never go astray." The people (present there) differed in this matter and people should not differ before a prophet. They said, "Allah's Apostle is seriously sick.' The Prophet said, "Let me alone, as the state in which I am now, is better than what you are calling me for." The Prophet on his death-bed, gave three orders saying, "'''Expel the pagans from the Arabian Peninsula''', respect and give gifts to the foreign delegates as you have seen me dealing with them." I forgot the third (order)" (Ya'qub bin Muhammad said, "I asked Al-Mughira bin 'Abdur-Rahman about the Arabian Peninsula and he said, 'It comprises Mecca, Medina, Al-Yama-ma and Yemen." Ya'qub added, "And Al-Arj, the beginning of Tihama.")}}
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|52|288}}|Narrated Said bin Jubair: Ibn 'Abbas said, "Thursday! What (great thing) took place on Thursday!" Then he started weeping till his tears wetted the gravels of the ground . Then he said, "On Thursday the illness of Allah's Apostle was aggravated and he said, "Fetch me writing materials so that I may have something written to you after which you will never go astray." The people (present there) differed in this matter and people should not differ before a prophet. They said, "Allah's Apostle is seriously sick.' The Prophet said, "Let me alone, as the state in which I am now, is better than what you are calling me for." The Prophet on his death-bed, gave three orders saying, "'''Expel the pagans from the Arabian Peninsula''', respect and give gifts to the foreign delegates as you have seen me dealing with them." I forgot the third (order)" (Ya'qub bin Muhammad said, "I asked Al-Mughira bin 'Abdur-Rahman about the Arabian Peninsula and he said, 'It comprises Mecca, Medina, Al-Yama-ma and Yemen." Ya'qub added, "And Al-Arj, the beginning of Tihama.")}}
{{Quote|{{Muslim|19|4366}}|It has been narrated by 'Umar b. al-Khattib that he heard the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) say: '''I will expel the Jews and Christians from the Arabian Peninsula and will not leave any but Muslim.'''}}
{{Quote|{{Muslim|19|4366}}|It has been narrated by 'Umar b. al-Khattib that he heard the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) say: '''I will expel the Jews and Christians from the Arabian Peninsula and will not leave any but Muslim.'''}}
'''Abu Dawud Volume 2 Number 2999:''' Mohammed expelled every Jew living in Medina.
'''Abu Dawud Volume 2 Number 2999:''' Mohammed expelled every Jew living in Medina.
{{Quote|{{cite web|url=https://sunnah.com/abudawud/20/78 |title=Sunan Abu Dawud: Book 20 Hadith 78 (Hadith 2999 in English) |publisher= |author= |date= |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140708220628/http://sunnah.com/abudawud/20/78 |deadurl=no}} |Ibn ‘Umar said “The Jews Al Nadir and Quraizah fought with the Apostle of Allaah, so the Apostle of Allaah expelled Banu Al Nadir and allowed the Quraizah to stay and favored them. The Quraizah thereafter fought (with the Prophet).” So he killed their men and divided their women, property and children among Muslims except some of them who associated with the Apostle of Allaah. He gave them protection and later on they embraced Islam. The Apostle of Allaah expelled all the Jews of Madeenah in Toto, Banu Qainuqa, they were the people of ‘Abd Allaah bin Salam, the Jews of Banu Harith and any of Jews who resided in Madeenah.}}


'''Abu Dawud Volume 2 Number 3023, 3024, 3026:''' He commanded to expel the polytheists.
'''Abu Dawud Volume 2 Number 3023, 3024, 3026:''' He commanded to expel the polytheists.


==Mocking Kafir==
==Mocking Kufar==


{{Quote|{{Abu Dawud|41|4997}}|Narrated Aisha, Ummul Mu'minin: The Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) used to setup a pulpit in the mosque for Hassan who would stand on it and satirise those who spoke against the Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him). The Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) would say: The spirit of holiness (i.e. Gabriel) is with Hassan so long as he speaks in defence of the Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him).}}
{{Quote|{{Abu Dawud|41|4997}}|Narrated Aisha, Ummul Mu'minin: The Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) used to setup a pulpit in the mosque for Hassan who would stand on it and satirise those who spoke against the Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him). The Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) would say: The spirit of holiness (i.e. Gabriel) is with Hassan so long as he speaks in defence of the Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him).}}
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'''Abu Dawud Volume 1 Book 2:''' At Banu al-Najjar the Muslims took over the land and dug up the graves of unbelievers looking for treasure.
'''Abu Dawud Volume 1 Book 2:''' At Banu al-Najjar the Muslims took over the land and dug up the graves of unbelievers looking for treasure.


{{Core POTB}}
==Miscellaneous==
 
Umar b. al-Khattab, the second Rashidun caliph, made the following statement about dhimmis to his followers, cited by Hanafi scholar Abu Yusuf.
{{Quote|{{cite web|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=PJNgCwAAQBAJ&dq=Muslims+would+not+find+a+man+to+talk+to+and+profit+from+his+labors&source=gbs_navlinks_s |title=The Myth of the Andalusian Paradise |publisher=Open Road Media |author=Darío Fernández-Morera |date= |archiveurl= |deadurl=no}} ISBN 1504034694. See also [http://web.archive.org/web/20160918142008/https://world.wng.org/2016/09/life_as_a_dhimmi_in_medieval_islamic_spain].|Have you considered, if we take them [as slaves] and share them out, what will be left for Muslims who come after us? By God, the Muslims would not find a man to talk to and profit from his labors. The Muslims of our day will eat [from the work of] these people as long as they live, and when we and they die, our sons will eat their sons forever, as long as they remain, for they are slaves to the people of the religion of Islam as long as the religion of Islam shall prevail.}}
 
==See Also==
==See Also==


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[[Category:QHS]]
[[Category:QHS]]
[[Category:Dhimmitude]]
[[Category:Dhimma]]
[[Category:Islamic Law]]
[[Category:Shariah (Islamic Law)]]
[[Category:Human rights]]
[[Category:Kafir (infidel)]]
[[Category:People of the Book]]
[[Category:Jihad]]
[[ar:القرآن_والحديث_والعلماء:_الذمة]]
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