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...t of a developed, first-world variety which likely holds to modern notions of human rights and liberalism. ...ve been observed in translations of the hadiths as well as in translations of other key Islamic texts, such as legal manuals.

...ce, hagiographic idealization, and the competing fancies of early scholars of [[Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence)|Islamic jurisprudence (''fiqh'')]]. The two most authoritative, sahih collections of hadith are [[Sahih Bukhari]] and [[Sahih Muslim]].

...ng on a throne. Academic work has situated this picture within the context of earlier Mesopotamian and Biblical cosmological concepts, while noting its o ...|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40379198 |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |volume=70 |issue=2 |pages=223-246 |doi= |acce

...h are increasingly finding their way into even the most devout communities of the Muslim world. ...her miraculous. Hence Muslim apologists assert that the Qur'an is the word of God.

...ran upon discovery. Critics also maintain that there is no instance in the Quran where a scientific subject has been described with sufficient clarity, spec Even when the Islamic empires led the world in science in parts of the middle ages,<ref>''[https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/30/science/how-isla

...been able to avoid statements in the Quran that reinforced misconceptions of the time, caused future generations to have doubts about its perfection, an {{Main|Geocentrism and the Quran|l1=Geocentrism and the Qur'an}}