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...ains an accurate account of the formation of stars and early phases of the Universe. ...been known in 7^th century Arabia and has only come to light in the 20^th and 21^st centuries through modern scientific inv

Among the many and diverse matters discussed in or touched upon by Islamic scriptures are topics of direct or indirect scie ...entific ideas circulating in the world during, and often from well before, the seventh century.

...ed in Islamic scripture to be unremarkable in its seventh-century context, in recent times, many traditional Muslim scholars and figures have argued that ==Philosophical concerns regarding the idea of a scientific miracle==

The Islamic tradition contains many descriptions of the prophet, including of his hair, beard, and particularly skin color. It is v ...hmad ibn Abi Sulayman, the companion of Sahnun said, “Anyone who says that the Prophet was black should be killed."}}

...in worldly life; and on the Day of Resurrection they will be sent back to the severest of punishment."<ref>{{Quran|2|85}}</ref> ...enge of whose 'eternal existence' had to be quelled through inquisition in the early history of Islam. Orthodox Islamic theologians hold God to be omnipot

...x|Limb view of the Earth's atmosphere. Colors roughly denote the layers of the atmosphere.]] ...re or badly mangle the actual earth sciences they are attempting to co-opt in order to justify their claims of an inerrant, scientifically accurate Qur'a

...ation, sitting on a throne. Academic work has situated this picture within the context of earlier Mesopotamian and Biblical cosmological concepts, while n ...ue context |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40379198 |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |volume=70 |issue=2 |pages=223-246 |

...he now apparent knowledge of the actual vastness of the universe vis-a-vis the earth. ...Do thou then cause him to rise from the West." Thus was he confounded who (in arrogance) rejected faith. Nor doth Allah Give guidance to a people unjust.

...us helped explain and popularize a sun-centered (heliocentric) view of the universe. ...ich is not allowed to overtake it, though they will be brought together on the last day.

...e Quran upon discovery. Critics also maintain that there is no instance in the Quran where a scientific subject has been described with sufficient clarity ...y marvels and especially those marvels accessible to individuals living in the harsh, arid, and rocky environment of early 7th century Arabia.

...e Quran upon discovery. Critics also maintain that there is no instance in the Quran where a scientific subject has been described with sufficient clarity ...am-won-and-lost-the-lead-in-science.html How Islam Won, and Lost, the Lead in Science.]'' Dennis Overbye. 2001. New York Times.

| style="width: 40%"| <div style="text-align:center;">[[12 months miracle in the Quran]]</div> | style="width: 40%"| <div style="text-align:center;">[[365 days miracle in the Quran]]</div>

...re increasingly finding their way into even the most devout communities of the Muslim world. ...ul or rather miraculous. Hence Muslim apologists assert that the Qur'an is the word of God.

...are a collection of hadith and fatawa(fatwas) which may be of interest to the professional researcher or more casual reader. ...like that should be nullified." On that the Prophet said, "This is one of the brothers of soothsayers.'''|See also {{Bukhari|7|71|655}}}}

...iblical timeline (although of course far from the now-known history of the universe as at least over 13 billion years old). {{Quote|{{Quran|2|117}}|"To Him is due the primal origin of the heavens and the earth: When He decreeth a matter, '''He saith to it: "Be," and it is"''' }}

...ristian population and the Muslim invaders led by ''Umar Ibn Al-Khattab'', the second [[Rashidun Caliphs|Rightly-guided]] [[Caliph]]. ...existing, internationally recognized state implements the stipulations of the pact.

...the prophet Ezra) and are thus subject to destruction and doom eternal in the Fire. Some verses are positive to at least some among the people of the book, especially if they accept Muhammad's message.

...en able to avoid statements in the Quran that reinforced misconceptions of the time, caused future generations to have doubts about its perfection, and on {{Main|Geocentrism and the Quran|l1=Geocentrism and the Qur'an}}

...s have spent a great deal of time writing about how, when, where, why, and in what fashion Jihad may be undertaken. ...d spread the influence of the Hanafi school. He was appointed Qadi (judge) in Baghdad, Iraq, and later chief justice (qadi al-qudat) under Abbasid caliph

...loc.gov/exhibits/world/earth.html Views of the Earth] - World Treasures of the Library of Congress, July 29, 2010</ref> ]] ...ts were translated into Arabic for the first time under the sponsorship of the Abbasid [[Khilafah (Caliphate)|caliphate]].