Mistranslations of Islamic Scripture (English): Difference between revisions

Quran 15:9 declares that the Qur'an is Allah's revelation and that he promises to preserve it and protect it from corruption. In Quran 16:103, Quran 44:58 and Quran 54:22, 32, 40, it is emphasized that the Qur'an was revealed in straight forward, easy to understand, and pure Arabic. Sunni Islamic scholars agree that all that which is fundamental to Islam (particularly most of Islamic law) which is not contained in the Quran must have been preserved in the form of hadiths. However, translations of these scriptures have not always been rendered faithfully into other languages such as English, particularly in recent times and especially when the audience concerned is that of a developed, first-world variety which likely holds to modern notions of human rights and liberalism.

Some of the most prominent and officially recognized English translators of the Qur'an (like Yusuf Ali, Dr. Rashad Khalifa and Muhammad Asad), in particular, have often (seemingly deliberately, given their knowledge and skill) mistranslated the most controversial and problematic verses in Qur'an. That these inaccurate translations are most common with verses that would be considered contrary to modern liberal values in the West suggests that these mistranslations were not unintentional or due to some unique difficulty of the Arabic words used in these verses. Similar mistranslations have been observed in translations of the hadiths as well as in translations of other key Islamic texts, such as legal manuals.

Quran

(4:34) Wife-beating

Quran 4:34 famously instructs men to beat their wives and forms the basis of the Islamic legal ruling which permits as much. The below translation is taken from Yusuf Ali.

This verse states that men are in charge of women with what they spend on them, and have the right to direct them in life. Also in the same verse, women are told to obey men and if they don’t, then men have the authority to admonish them and if they persist in disobedience (or, read more literally, if the husband simply fears disobedience), then men may proceed to beat them. Yusuf Ali, a prominent translator of the Qur'an, adds the word “lightly” in brackets, after “beating them”, despite the fact that this word or connonation is not found in the source text.

(23:14) Fetal development

Quran 23:14 presents a schema regarding the development of the human fetus. The following translations are taken from Pickthall an Yusuf Ali.

This verse is often used as an example of how translators (in this case Yusuf Ali, who is authorized by the Saudi Islamic authority and Al-Azhar University) have often mistranslated verses in ways that appear less objectionable liberal, Western audiences.

Yusuf Ali, in his translation, replaces the word "then" with "and". He also replaces “the best of creators” (plural) with “the best to create” (singular). The difference in the meaning is crucial because the word “then” suggests another and separate phase, while the word “and” means bones and flesh form simultaneously or during one phase, which conforms to modern science, even though this does not appear in the original Arabic text.

Likewise, the plural form of “creators” seems to affirm the existence of multiple creators (of whom Allah would be the best), which appears to contradict the key Islamic doctrine of tawḥīd (توحيد) regarding the oneness of Allah, the only creator. Similar mistranslations are given by the Rashad Khalifa and Muhammad Saad translations. By contrast, the Pickthal translation is more accurate in this case, conforming to the original Arabic text.

Similarly distorted translations are also presented by institutions such as al-Azhar, the Egyptian Ministry of Awqaf, and the Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs, as is seen on the Al-Azhar web site. The above verse is translated as below:

(18:86) Sun sets in a muddy spring

Quran 18:86 describes the story of Dhul-Qarnayn (Alexander the Great) wherein he is said to arrive at a location where he observes the sun setting in a muddy spring.

Modern Islamic scholars have argued that the verse describes a visual representation of what Dhul-Qarnayn saw as the sun set into the “horizon”. Such explanations are frustrated by authoritative sources, themselves represented by the likes of Tafsir Al-Jalalayn (p. 251), and numerous classical authorities (which explain that the setting of the sun is in a well containing a murky mud). The same interpretation is found in al-Tabari’s commentaries (p. 339) as well as in the Concise Interpretation of al-Tabari (p. 19 of part 2) in which he remarks that the well in which the sun sets "contains lime and murky mud". The words “apparent” or “looks like” do not appear in classical explanations or commentaries. Indeed, the verse appears to reflect the cosmological views Muhammad would have been expected to have in seventh century Arabia. Furthermore, since the earth is in fact round, not flat (as the Qur'an appears to suggest), Dhul-Qarnayn could never have reached some "farthest point", since no such point exists on a globe.

The al-Azhar site confronts this challenge by mistranslating thisverse, specifiying that the "muddy spring" is in fact the Atlantic Ocean, which appeared to Dhul-Qarnayn as a muddy spring. The Sahih International translation inserts a parenthetical [as if] which does not exist in the original Arabic text and is nowhere implied.

(86:5-7) Semen production

Quran 86:5-7 states that sperm originates from an area between the breastbone and the backbone.

The al-Azhar site translates the origination point of sperm as from "between the pelvis and breast bone".

(22:52) Satanic verses

Quran 22:52 is said to have been revealed after the incident with respect to the Satanic Verses. This verse absolves Muhammad of responsibility for the Satanic Verses. The verse says that Satan influenced the recitations of all previous prophets. The text literally says "when he recited Satan threw (something) into his recitation." (إِذَا تَمَنَّىٰٓ أَلْقَى ٱلشَّيْطَٰنُ فِىٓ أُمْنِيَّتِهِۦ)

• إِذَا (itha) - when
• تَمَنَّىٰٓ (tamannaa) - he recited
• أَلْقَى (alqaa) - threw
• ٱلشَّيْطَٰنُ (ashshaytanu) - Satan
• فِىٓ (fee) - in
• أُمْنِيَّتِهِۦ (omniyyatihi) - his recitation

Some translations try to cover up Satan's influencing of recitations. For example, by suggesting that Satan influenced people's understanding of the verse.

(3:54) Allah the best of deceivers

In Quran 3:54, Quran 7:99, Quran 8:30, Quran 10:21 and Quran 13:42 Allah is called the best of deceivers (خير الماكرين).

This has been mistranslated as the best of plotters/planners/schemers in various translations.

(9:29) Fight people until they pay the jizya willingly while they are humbled

Quran 9:29 tells Muslims to fight the People of the Book until they pay jizya with their hands (عَن يَدٖ) ('an yadin) while they are humiliated/belittled (صَٰغِرُونَ) (Saghiroon). Several translators mistranslate 'an yadin as willingly and Saghiroon as humbled.

(10:5) Moon is a (reflective) light

The Quran calls the moon a light (نُورٗا) in Quran 10:5. In reality, the moon only reflects sunlight. Some translators have tried to incorporate this in their translation, but it is not mentioned in the Arabic.

(4:11) Inheritance

Quran 4:11 concerns the laws of inheritance. This verse contains a linguistic mistake. It says that if there are more than two daughters (فَإِن كُنَّ نِسَآءٗ فَوۡقَ ٱثۡنَتَيۡنِ), they should get two thirds of the estate. However, the author of the Quran meant to say 'two or more daughters'. In Jami` at-Tirmidhi 4:27:2092 Muhammad divides the estate after the verse of inheritance was supposedly revealed. He gives two thirds to the two daughters. The following translations cover up the mistake.

(67:5) Shooting stars

Quran 67:5 discusses the Jinn (mythical creatures that are described in Islamic scriptures as living among humans)^[2] and stars from the "lowest heaven" which are used as missiles against any mischievous jinn that attempts to eavesdrop on conversations between angels.^[3]

• ٱلسَّمَآءَ (as-samaa'a) means heaven or sky.^[5]
• ٱلدُّنْيَا (ad-dunya) is translated "the world" or "the lower". The world" is called "the lower", because according to Islamic cosmology the heavens appear one atop the other and the earth is the lowest in this structure.
  • So ٱلسَّمَآءَ ٱلدُّنْيَا can be understood as "the lowest heaven", "the heaven right above this flat earth", "the sky above The Lower".
• بِمَصَٰبِيحَ (bi-masaabeeh) - this word means "lamps" and is still used as such in modern Arabic (see Google images for مصابيح).
• رُجُومًا (rujooman) - it is from the same root as رجم (rajm), meaning "stoning", which is the Islamic punishment for sex outside marriage (Satan, or Iblis, is known as al-Rajeem or "the stoned one" - الرجيم in Arabic).

Accurate translations

Below are the three most popular and readily available translations of the verse from Islamic sources.

The below translations from non-Islamic sources are also generally accepted, albeit not frequently cited in Islamic circles.

A further twelve translations confirm the above translations.^[6]

Mistranslations

The following two translations distort the idea of stars being used to stone jinn by describing the missiles as being made out of/from the stars, but not being the stars themselves.

Another two translations include their modifications without using brackets, which is even more misleading giving the impression that this text is literally part of the Arabic original:

In two other translations, the lamps and the projectiles used against the devilish jinn are referred to as separate entities, though this disagrees with the Arabic text in which there is a pronoun used to refer to the "projectiles" whose clear antecedent is the plural word "lamps".

Reinterpretations presented as translations

The following translations depart entirely from the classical interpretations of the verse and, it would appear, the very wording of the verse itself.

Another three translations go a little further, asserting that the "devils/evil ones" refer to evil human cohorts and not to the jinn.

Incorporation of modern science into translation

The following translation attempts to incorporate modern scientific understandings of cosmology into its reading of the verse, though makes it a point to use brackets to differentiate words inserted to facilitate this understanding from the original Arabic text itself:

Hadith

The sun will rise "in the West"

A sign of the last hour that appears in numerous hadiths is often mistranslated as the sun rising "in the West". This mistranslation occurs throughout the English translation of Sahih Bukhari by Muhsin Khan and sometimes in the translation of Sahih Muslim by Abdul Hamid Sadiqqui.

While the Arabic word al maghrib was commonly used to mean the West in general, in fact a much more specific form occurs in these hadiths. In every hadith narration of this prophecy, the Arabic phrase is always min maghribi-ha (مِنْ مَغْرِبِهَا), which means that the sun is told to go and rise "from its setting place", without the definite article (al for 'the') and with the possessive suffix.

In one narration in Sahih Muslim (which is accurately translated), there is in addition the phrase min maghribi-ki (مِنْ مَغْرِبِكِ), which means the sun is told to go and rise "from the place of your setting". Earlier in the same narration, the sun is usually commanded to rise min matli'iha (مِنْ مَطْلِعِهَا) which means "from its rising place". This uses the same word as occurs in the Dhu'l Qarnayn story (see: Dhul-Qarnayn and the Sun Setting in a Muddy Spring - Part One), in Quran 18:90, matli'a ash-shamsi, "the rising place of the sun", and was not the word used throughout the Quran and hadiths to mean the East in general, which was al mashriq (ٱلْمَشْرِق).

One can see the inconsistent way these terms have been translated on Quranx (and other sites) by searching for ''sun' 'place' 'setting'' in the hadith, compared to the Sahih Bukhari 4:54:421 hadith.

Aisha's age at consummation

'Aisha lived with her parents before her marriage to Muhammad was consummated at the age of 9 (Sahih Muslim 8:3310). The following mistranslation is often presented as evidence that she reached puberty while she still lived there.

The word أَعْقِلْ means to use thoughts or reasoning, but the translator Muhsin Khan has used the word 'puberty'. The meaning rather is that 'Aisha was never aware of a time when her parents were not Muslim. A literal translation would be "I was not aware of my parents other than that the two of them both acknowledged the religion" (لَمْ أَعْقِلْ أَبَوَىَّ إِلاَّ وَهُمَا يَدِينَانِ الدِّينَ). The same Arabic phrase is translated as follows in another hadith by the same translator:

See also the two other occurrences in Sahih Bukhari 3:37:494 and Sahih Bukhari 5:58:245.

The 'puberty' mistranslation also fails to achieve chronological sensibility. 'Aisha's father, Abu Bakr, was one of Muhammad's first followers. It would not have taken until puberty for 'Aisha to notice that her father followed the religion.

Hadith in which Aisha menstruated

A mistranslated hadith has a comment from Abu Dawud supposedly about Aisha menstruating when she was nine. This is Sunan Abu Dawud 4915 (Ahmad Hasan numbering; 4933 Dar-us-Salam).

Ahmad Hasan mistranslates Abu Dawud's comment as "That is to say: I menstruated". Aisha's phrase "I burst into laughter" is fa-qultu heeh heeh (فَقُلْتُ هِيهْ هِيهْ), "And I said heh, heh". The Dar-us-Salam English-Arabic edition of Sunan Abu Dawud translated by Nasiruddin al-Khattab (Hadith 4933) renders Aisha's words here: "She made me stand at the door and I started to breathe deeply".

Abu Dawud's comment is ay tanaffasat (أَىْ تَنَفَّسَتْ), which is "That is to say 'I breathed'". The verb nun-fa-sin is used here in Arabic form V with the ta prefix and shadda (doubled) middle letter, which Lane's Lexicon says means "breathed". Form I can mean menstruated, but that is not the form used in the hadith.^[7]

Hit women without leaving a mark

Muhammad's 'Farewell Sermon' appears in various hadith collections and al-Tabari's History. A short version is found in Sunan Ibn Majah. The Arabic words here translated 'and hit them, but without causing injury or leaving a mark' are a mistranslation.

The highlighted phrase is fadribuhunna darban ghayra mubarrih (فَاضْرِبُوهُنَّ ضَرْبًا غَيْرَ مُبَرِّحٍ). A literal translation is, 'then beat them, a beating without severity'. The last word is defined in Lane's Lexicon as violence/severity/sharpness/vehemence^[8]'.

The same Arabic phrase appears in the other versions of the farewell sermon. The translators of Sunan Abu Dawud and al-Tabari's History both renders it 'beat them, but not severely'.

The versions of the farewell sermon found in Jami` at-Tirmidhi 5:44:3087, translated as 'and beat them with a beating that is not painful', and Jami` at-Tirmidhi 2:10:1163, translated as 'and beat them with a beating that is not harmful', consist of the same Arabic words as quoted above and found in other versions of the farewell sermon.

In his tafsir, al-Tabari quotes Qatada clarifying that the phrase means ghayr sha'in (that is, 'without being disgraceful/outrageous/obscene/indecent'),^[9] while he records that Ibn Abbas explained it as 'Hitting with a siwaak and the like'. It appears that over time there were efforts to temper the abusive results of the Quranic verse. For further relevant hadiths and information see Wife Beating in Islamic Law.

Abu Bakr insults a Meccan ambassador

In a hadith found in Sahih Bukhari a Meccan ambassador at Hudaybiyyah tries to discourage Muhammad from fighting. In response Abu Bakr tells him to suck on al-Lat's clitoris (فَقَالَ لَهُ أَبُو بَكْرٍ امْصُصْ بَظْرَ اللاَّتِ). Muhammad did not rebuke Abu Bakr for this. The insult has been covered up in the English translation by Muhsin Khan. In this translation the incident is translated as 'Abu Bakr abused him'.

Muhammad wears Aisha's garment

In the following hadith, Muhammad says divine inspirations do not come to him in any garment/dress (ثَوْبِ) except that of Aisha. Cross-dressing was condemned by Muhammad as can be seen in Sunan Abu Dawud 4098 (Ahmad Hasan Ref). To cover up the fact that Muhammad was cross-dressing, the word in question has been mistranslated to bed.

Muhammad says his aorta is being cut from poison

In the following hadith from Sahih Bukhari Muhammad says he feels his aorta is being cut from the poisoned food he ate at Khaybar. This strongly implies Muhammad died because of poisoning. In the English translation by Muhsin Khan the words 'as if' have been added. As a result, the English translation doesn't imply as strongly as the Arabic text that Muhammad died because of poisoning. Yet, it says Muhammad experienced a lot of pain from the poisoning shortly before his death.

Muhammad forbids imposing conditions found in the hadith

In the following hadith Muhammad says people should not impose conditions which are not present in Allah's Book (كِتَابِ اللَّهِ), which is the Quran. In the English translation by Muhsin Khan this has been mistranslated to 'Allah's Laws' to justify imposing conditions which are found in the hadith.

Satan lays eggs in the marketplace of Medina and hatches them

The following hadith contains two narrations. The second of these has not been translated into English. It says that people should not be first to enter the marketplace, nor the last to leave it, because it is where Satan lays his eggs and hatches them.

If ten Jews followed Muhammad, all Jews would embrace Islam

In the following hadith Muhammads says that if ten Jews (عَشْرَةٌ مِنَ الْيَهُودِ) followed him, all Jews would embrace Islam. The hadith has been mistranslated by Abdul Hamid Siddiqui so that it says 'ten scholars of the Jews'. In Muhsin Khan's translation 'amongst their chiefs' has been added in brackets.

Hadith is not translated

The following hadith from Abu Dawud wasn't translated. Instead, it is said that it is basically the same as the previous one. However, in the previous hadith Muhammad makes it clear that a slave should be manumitted after being beaten by his owner, while in this hadith it is said that the narrator did not mention manumission. In addition, this hadith explicitly mentions the slave being black, while the previous one does not.

Extra part of a verse is recited

In the following hadith Ibn Abbas recites a verse of the Quran as "‏‏وَأَنْذِرْ عَشِيرَتَكَ الأَقْرَبِينَ‏‏ وَرَهْطَكَ مِنْهُمُ الْمُخْلَصِين" (And warn your tribe of near kindred and your chosen group from among them) The first part corresponds to Quran 26:214. But the second part (in bold) is not part of the Quran nowadays. This part is not included in the English translation on quranx.com or sunnah.com, but it is part of Muhsin Khan's translation.

Muhammad's followers will continue to fight for truth

In the following hadith Muhammad says a group of people from his ummah will continue to fight for truth/righteousness and prevail until the day of judgment. In the translation it says they will fight 'in defence of truth' to make it seem like they will fight in self-defence.

May Allah kill/curse the Jews

In the following hadith Muhammad asks Allah to kill (قَاتَلَ) the Jews. However, this has been mistranslated as 'curse'. As a result, the hadith does not conflict with Quran 21:107 which says Muhammad is a mercy to the worlds.

The same mistranslation occurs in Sahih Bukhari 1:8:428, Sahih Bukhari 3:34:426, Sahih Bukhari 3:34:427 and Sahih Bukhari 6:60:157.

Muhammad destroys crosses

In the following hadith it says that Muhammad destroyed crosses in his house. It is possible that this refers to crosses that Mariyah (his concubine who was a Christian) left in the house. However, in the translation it only says Muhammad destroyed crosses if Aisha (the narrator) left them in the house.

Aisha watches Ethiopians who are playing

In the following hadith Aisha narrates how she used to watch Ethiopians who were playing in the courtyard of the mosque. In Aisha's description about herself the translator added that she had not reached the age of puberty. As a result, this hadith does not conflict with the ruling that adult women should not watch football games. A relevant fatwa can be found here.

Muhammad hits Aisha

In the following hadith it says Muhammad struck Aisha on the chest which caused her pain (فَلَهَدَنِي فِي صَدْرِي لَهْدَةً أَوْجَعَتْنِي). On sunnah.com it says Muhammad gave Aisha a nudge on the chest which she felt. While the translations for Sahih Muslim have been provided by Abdul Hamid Siddiqui, the translation of this particular hadith has been altered without informing the reader. The original translation can be found here.

Muhammad has been made victorious with terror

In the following hadith Muhammad says he has been made victorious with terror (نُصِرْتُ بِالرُّعْبِ). On sunnah.com this has been changed to 'awe'. While the translations for Sahih Bukhari have been provided by Muhsin Khan, the translation of this particular hadith has been altered without informing the reader. The original translation can be found here.

Arabia reverts to meadows and rivers

In the following hadith Muhammad prophesies that Arabia becomes or reverts to (تَعُودَ) meadows and rivers. Sunnah.com uses Abdul Hamid Siddiqui's translation for Sahih Muslim which uses the word 'becomes', yet this translation has been altered such that it says 'reverts to'. The altered translation implies that Muhammad knew Arabia once was not a desert. Both translations can be used, but the translation was altered without informing the reader. The original translation can be found here.

See Also

• Misrepresentations of Islamic Scripture (English)
• Mawdu' (Fabricated) and Daif (Weak) Hadiths

External Links

• The Deceptive Translations of the Quran - (archived), http://www.faithfreedom.org/the-deceptive-translations-of-the-quran/