Coran, hadith et savants : Le Mariage d'enfant
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La tradition est très explicite sur le fait que Muhammad a épousé Aisha à l'âge de six ans et a consommé le mariage à l'âge de neuf ans. Comme Muhammad est "al-insaan al-kaamil" "la perfection humaine" , cette action a été considérée par les savants comme un exemple pour toute l'humanité, et a ainsi décrété que de tels mariages sont licites pour tous les croyants. Le Coran et le hadith contiennent tous deux des réglementations sur le moment où les croyants peuvent avoir des relations sexuelles avec des épouses mineures qui n'ont pas encore eu leurs règles, renforçant davantage la nature halal de la pratique de consommer des mariages avec des filles extrêmement jeunes et des hommes plus âgés.
Coran
Le verset phare , sourate 65 verset 4
Ce verset vient légiférer le délai de viduité suite à divorce des petites filles qui n'ont pas encore eut leur règle .
OR Ce délai de viduité ne s'applique que dans le cas ou il y a eut des relations sexuel , voir le verset ci dessous:
Le Contexte de révélération ( Azbab Anuzul ) du verset 65:4 ne laisse aucune autre interprétation que le mariage d'enfant, il est relaté dans le tafsir d'ibn abbas compagnon du prophete surnommé le savant du coran :car le prophete à demandé à Allah de lui faciliter la compréhension du coran
La première règle révélé au sujet du délai de viduité était l'attente de 3 menstruation pour la femme dans la sourate 2:228
après cette révélation des hommes vinrent interrogés à propos de 3 situations ou leur épouses n'avaient pas leur règles:
- la femme trop jeune pour avoir ses règles
- la femme enceinte
- la femme ménopausé
D'ou la réponse d'Allah au début du verset 4 sourate 65 " si vous avez des doutes" , Allah vient donc répondre à ces situations qui n'avait pas été légiféré jsuqu'a alors et qui laissé les musulmans voulant divorcé dans l'embaras car ces personnes ne pouvait tout simplement pas divorcer car dans leur femme étaient dans l'impossibilité d'avoir leurs menstrues.
Tafsir Ibn Abbas
il est aussi relaté dans le tafsir al wahidi avec quelques détails en plus
Al-Wahidi, Asbab al-nuzul
Notons que les 3 situations problématiques aucune ne concerne la femme adulte qui n'a pas ses règles pour raisons médicales, comme aime à le citer les apologistes de nos jours .
Tafsir
En accord avec le contexte de révélation , il est frappant de voir que la totalité des grands tafsirs s'accordent à l'unanimité sur une seule explication possible :ce verset parle des jeunes filles qui n'ont pas encore eut leur regle.
Voici une liste non exhaustive de tafsir à ce sujet:
Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi, Tafhim al-Qur'an
Tafsir al-Jalalayn
Dans la citation suivante, le texte en gras se traduit par "Ce sont ceux qui n'ont pas atteint l'âge des menstruations". Tabrasi commente la phrase "Wallaee Lam yahidhna" = "Ceux qui n'ont pas encore eu leurs règles" dans le verset.
Tabrasi
Dans la citation suivante, la partie en gras se traduit par : « Celles qui n'ont pas encore eu leurs règles » sont des jeunes filles qui n'ont pas atteint l'âge des règles.
Al-Shoukani, Fath al-Qadir
Hadith
Citations présente dans le Sahih boukhari ,chapitre tafsir de la sourate 65 nous trouvons :
Mujahid a dit que "si vous avez le moindre doute" (65:4) signifie si vous ne savez pas si elle a ses règles ou non. Celles qui n'ont plus leurs règles et celles qui n'ont pas encore leurs règles, leur 'idda est de trois mois.
Ce qui suit est tiré de l'introduction du chapitre de Bukhari pour le chapitre 39, Livre an-Nikkah. Il apparaît immédiatement avant le premier et unique hadith du chapitre 39 Sahih Bukhari 7:62:64 qui traite du mariage d'aicha et peut etre lu dans l'édition e Dar-us-Salam p, volume 7.
The following is from Fath al-Bari, the most authoritative commentary on Sahih Al-Bukhari.
Recent fatwas
December 2010 fatwa from popular Islamic website.
Submitted by Ahmad, IslamOnline, December 24, 2010
Moreover, the interest of Shariah proves it. So the claim that this was abrogated is not correct. And the Hadith did not include that meaning; it just states that a virgin woman is not to be married until consulted.
The evidence from the Qur'an is:
1. The saying of Allah: "And those of your women as have passed the age of monthly courses, for them the 'Iddah (prescribed period), if you have doubts (about their periods), is three months, and for those who have no courses [(i.e. they are still immature) their 'Iddah (prescribed period) is three months likewise, except in case of death]". (At-Talaq 65:4)
So, Allah set rulings of marriage, divorce and waiting period for the women who have not yet had menses, i.e. the young girls.
The Iddah (waiting period) does not take place except after marriage.Islamweb, Fatwa No. 88089, June 24, 2004
Muhammad
Married Aisha When She Was Six
Muhammad consummated his marriage with the 9 year old Aisha, while she remained pre-pubescent.
Muhammad's Companions
Umar the 2rd Caliph married Umm Kulthum at a time when she was 10-12 years old. Some sources say she was five years old.
There are many Ahadith which confirm that marriage at an early age was widespread among the companions and no one denied its permissibility. Getting married at an early age was not peculiar to the Prophet (Sallallahu Alaihi wa Sallam) as some people think, but it was general for him and for his Ummah.
The following are some of the actions of the Sahaba (companions):
1. Ali Ibn Abi Talib, may Allah be pleased with him, married his daughter, Um Kulthum to Omar Ibn Al-Khattab, may Allah be pleased with him, and she mothered a child before the death of the Prophet (Sallallahu Alaihi wa Sallam). Omar got married to her while she was young before reaching the age of puberty. This is reported by Ibn Saad in 'Al-Tabaqat'.
2. From Urwa Ibn Zubair: that Zubair, may Allah be pleased with him, married his daughter when she was very young. Reported by Saeed Ibn Mansour, in his Sunnah, and Ibn Abi Shaibah, in Al-musannaf, with a Sahih chain of narration.
Al-Shafie said in the book of Al-Um: "Many companions of the Prophet (Sallallahu Alaihi wa Sallam) married their daughters while these were still young."
Delaying the marriage of girls in many Muslim countries is something new and contradictory to what Muslims used to do over many centuries. This is because of westernization and the application of man-made laws. This caused a change in understandings and customs within a considerable number of the population, and it is absolutely not permissible to consider the customs and traditions in a given country as the standard by which people abide, and fail to obey the absolute evidences of Shariah.
In some Muslim countries, the marriage for girls has been delayed by many years beyond the age of puberty. This has indeed led to an increase in the removal of the veil from the face, and increased fornication and adultery, as well as the emergence of deviation in conduct and religion among the youth. They had become morally unstable as they lack affection, chastity, and protection their private parts from illegal sexual relations.
By delaying marriage, there is also a reduction in the number of Muslims in the Ummah, and this is contrary to the order of the Prophet (Sallallahu Alaihi wa Sallam), as he ordered us to have many children so that the Muslim nation will be greater in number than the previous nations.Islamweb, Fatwa No. 88089, June 24, 2004
Other Hadith
The following Muwatta hadith shows it's permissible to marry girls who have not reached puberty.
Yahya related to me from Malik that he had heard that the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, visited Umm Salama while she was in mourning for Abu Salama and she had put aloes on her eyes. He said, "What is this, Umm Salama?" She said, "It is only aloes, Messenger of Allah." He said, "Put it on at night and wipe it off in the daytime."
Malik said, "The mourning of a young girl who has not yet had a menstrual period takes the same form as the mourning of one who has had a period. She avoids what a mature woman avoids if her husband dies."
Malik said, "A slave-girl mourns her husband when he dies for two months and five nights like her idda.
Malik said, "An umm walad does not have to mourn when her master dies, and a slave-girl does not have to mourn when her master dies. Mourning is for those with husbands."Miscellaneous
We hear a lot in the media about the marriage of underage girls. We should know that Shariah law has not brought injustice to women.[3]
Islamic Q & A Online with Mufti Ebrahim Desai, Ask-Imam, Question No. 6737
Sheikh Muhammed Salih Al-Munajjid, Islam Q&A, Fatwa No. 1493
Sheikh Muhammed Salih Al-Munajjid, Islam Q&A, Fatwa No. 1493
- The only guardians who may compel their charge to marry are a virgin bride's father or father's father, compel meaning to marry her to a suitable match (def: m4) without her consent.
- Those who may not compel her are not entitled to marry her to someone unless she accepts and gives her permission.
Whenever the bride is a virgin, the father or father's father may marry her to someone without her permission, though it is recommended to ask her permission if she has reached puberty. A virgin's silence is considered as permission.[13]
See Also
References
- ↑ 12667 La 'iddah d'une femme divorcée par talaaq - Islam Q&A, Fatwa No. 12667
- ↑ Is it acceptable to marry a girl who has not yet started her menses? - Islam Q&A, Fatwa No. 12708
- ↑ Top Saudi cleric: OK for young girls to wed - CNN, January 17, 2009
- ↑ Carlyle Murphy - Child marriage case showcases deep splits in Saudi society - GlobalPost, April 16, 2009
- ↑ Fatwa in favour of 9-year-old girl marriage, Polemics - ANSAmed, September 8, 2008
- ↑ Moroccan theologian: Muslim girls can wed at nine - Middle East Online, September 15, 2008
- ↑ "Nigeria Child Brides-Broken Lives", Times Online, November 28, 2008 (archived), http://www.wunrn.com/news/2008/11_08/11_24_08/112408_nigeria.htm.
- ↑ "I Could Marry Off My Six Year Old Daughter If I So Wished, Senator Ahmed Yerima Replies Critics", The Nigeria Today, July 21, 2013 (archived), http://thenigeriatoday.net/i-could-marry-off-my-six-year-old-daughter-if-i-so-wished-senator-ahmed-yerima-replies-critics/.
- ↑ Saudi Marriage Official Says 1-Year-Old Brides OK - Fox News, June 2, 2008
- ↑ LBC TV (Lebanon) - June 19, 2008 - 03:08 - MEMRI TV, Video Clip No. 1798
- ↑ Islamists Fight Yemen Law Banning Child Marriage - Fox News, April 16, 2009
- ↑ Child marriage and divorce in Yemen - Jenny Cuff - BBC, November 6, 2008
- ↑ Reliance of the Traveller/Book M: Marriage - (full text online)
- ↑ Questions Related to Marriage/ Is it allowed for a father to force his daughter to marry a specific man that she does not want to marry? - Muslim Students Organization of the University of Houston
- ↑ Adil Salahi - Marriage in Islam/Marriage at an early age - Islamic Voice, Vol 12-08 No:140, August 1998
- ↑ Islamist leader threatens of waging Jihad - Weekly Blitz, April 20, 2011