O mankind! Lo! We have created you male and female, and have made you nations and tribes that ye may know one another. Lo! the noblest of you, in the sight of Allah, is the best in conduct. Lo! Allah is Knower, Aware.

(O mankind! Lo! We have created you male and female") [49:13]. Said Ibn 'Abbas: "This was revealed about Thabit ibn Qays when he made a remark about the man who did not make room for him to sit: 'What, the son of so-and-so [referring to his mother]'. The Messenger of Allah, Allah bless him and give him peace, said: 'Who mentioned that woman?' Thabit stood up and said: 'I did, O Messenger of Allah!' The Messenger said to him: 'Look at the faces of those present'. And when he looked, he asked him: 'What do you see?' He said: 'I see white, red and black people'. The Prophet said: 'Well, you are not better than any of them unless it be through [the good practice of] religion and God-fearingness'. Allah, exalted is He, then revealed this verse". Muqatil said: "On the day Mecca was conquered, the Messenger of Allah, Allah bless him and give him peace, ordered Bilal to climb on the roof of the Ka'bah and perform the call to prayer. 'Attab ibn Asid commented on this: 'Praise be to Allah, that Allah has taken my father to Him and made that he did not see this day'. Al-Harith ibn Hisham said: 'Did Muhammad not find any other caller to prayer except this black raven?' Suhayl ibn 'Amr said: 'Allah willing, he will change him'. Abu Sufyan, on the other hand, said: 'I am not going to make any comment; I am afraid that the Lord of heaven will divulge what I say!' Gabriel, peace be upon him, went to the Prophet, Allah bless him and give him peace, and informed him about what they said. The Prophet summoned them and asked them about what they said and they admitted it. Allah, exalted is He, then revealed this verse warning them against boasting about their lineages and abundance of wealth and against looking down on the poor".

Abu Nadrah a rapporté : Le Messager d'Allah, paix et bénédictions soient sur lui, a dit en milieu de journée, à la fin du pèlerinage : "Ô peuple, votre Seigneur est unique et votre père Adam est unique. Il n'y a pas de vertu d'un arabe sur un étranger ni d'un étranger sur un arabe, ni de peau blanche sur une peau noire ni de peau noire sur une peau blanche, sauf par la droiture. N'ai-je pas délivré le message ?" Ils dirent : "Le Messager d'Allah a délivré le message."

Abu Malik al-Ash'ari a rapporté que le Messager d'Allah (ﷺ) a dit : Parmi mon peuple, il y a quatre caractéristiques appartenant à la période préislamique qu'ils n'abandonnent pas : se vanter d'un rang élevé, injurier les généalogies des autres peuples, chercher la pluie par les étoiles, et se murer. Et il (plus loin) a dit : Si la gémisseuse ne se repent pas avant de mourir, on la fera se tenir debout le jour de la résurrection avec un vêtement de poix et une chemise de gale.

Ô hommes ! Nous vous avons créés d'un mâle et d'une femelle, et Nous avons fait de vous des nations et des tribus, pour que vous vous entre-connaissiez. Le plus noble d'entre vous, auprès d'Allah, est le plus pieux. Allah est certes Omniscient et Grand-Connaisseur.

Certes, Allah a élu Adam, Nuh (Noé), la famille d'Ibrahim (Abraham) et la famille de 'Imran au-dessus de tout le monde. En tant que descendants les uns des autres, et Allah est Audient et Omniscient.

Les Bédouins sont plus endurcis dans leur impiété et dans leur hypocrisie, et les plus enclins à méconnaître les préceptes qu'Allah a révélés à Son messager. Et Allah est Omniscient et Sage.

Les Bédouins ont dit: « Nous avons la foi. » Dis: « Vous n'avez pas encore la foi. Dites plutôt: Nous nous sommes simplement soumis, car la foi n'a pas encore pénétré dans vos cœurs. Et si vous obéissez à Allah et à Son messager, Il ne vous fera rien perdre de vos œuvres. » Allah est Pardonneur et Miséricordieux.

Ô enfants d'Israël, rappelez-vous Mon bienfait dont Je vous ai comblés, (Rappelez-vous) que Je vous ai préférés à tous les peuples (de l'époque)

And well ye knew those amongst you who transgressed in the matter of the Sabbath: We said to them: "Be ye apes, despised and rejected."

Say: "Shall I point out to you something much worse than this, (as judged) by the treatment it received from Allah? those who incurred the curse of Allah and His wrath, those of whom some He transformed into apes and swine, those who worshipped evil;- these are (many times) worse in rank, and far more astray from the even path!"

Ceux là, leur rétribution sera qu'ils auront sur eux la malédiction d'Allah, des Anges et de tous les êtres humains.

Ils y demeureront éternellement.

Le châtiment ne leur sera pas allégé, et ils n'auront aucun répit,excepté ceux qui par la suite se repentiront et se réformeront: car Allah est certes Pardonneur et Miséricordieux. En vérité, ceux qui ne croient plus après avoir eu la foi, et laissent augmenter encore leur mécréance, leur repentir ne sera jamais accepté. Ceux-là sont vraiment les égarés. Ceux qui ne croient pas et qui meurent mécréants, il ne sera jamais accepté, d'aucun d'eux de se racheter même si pour cela il (donnait) le contenu, en or, de la terre. Ils auront un châtiment douloureux, et ils n'auront point de secoureurs.

When they dishonoured their pledge We condemned them, and hardened their hearts. So they distort the words of the Scripture out of context, and have forgotten some of what they were warned against. You will always hear of treachery on their part except that of a few. But forbear and forgive them, for God loves those who do good.

O Messenger! let not those grieve thee, who race each other into unbelief: (whether it be) among those who say "We believe" with their lips but whose hearts have no faith; or it be among the Jews,- men who will listen to any lie,- will listen even to others who have never so much as come to thee. They change the words from their (right) times and places: they say, "If ye are given this, take it, but if not, beware!" If any one's trial is intended by Allah, thou hast no authority in the least for him against Allah. For such - it is not Allah's will to purify their hearts. For them there is disgrace in this world, and in the Hereafter a heavy punishment. (They are fond of) listening to falsehood, of devouring anything forbidden [trans. Ahmad Ali: "Eavesdropping for telling lies, earning through unlawful means!"]. If they do come to thee, either judge between them, or decline to interfere. If thou decline, they cannot hurt thee in the least. If thou judge, judge in equity between them. For Allah loveth those who judge in equity.

The Jews say: "Allah's hand is tied up." Be their hands tied up and be they accursed for the (blasphemy) they utter. Nay, both His hands are widely outstretched: He giveth and spendeth (of His bounty) as He pleaseth. But the revelation that cometh to thee from Allah increaseth in most of them their obstinate rebellion and blasphemy. Amongst them we have placed enmity and hatred till the Day of Judgment. Every time they kindle the fire of war, Allah doth extinguish it; but they (ever) strive to do mischief on earth. And Allah loveth not those who do mischief.

We announced to the children of Israel in the Book: "You will surely create disorder twice in the land, and become exceedingly arrogant."

Say: "O you Jews, if you claim that you are the favourites of God apart from all men, then wish for death, if you speak the truth.

Narrated Abu Dhar: The Prophet (ﷺ) said, "If somebody claims to be the son of any other than his real father knowingly, he but disbelieves in Allah, and if somebody claims to belong to some folk to whom he does not belong, let such a person take his place in the (Hell) Fire."

Narrated Samurah bin Jundab: that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: "Sam was the father of Arabs, Yafith was the father of Romans, and Ham was the father of Ethiopians."
Grade: Da'if (Darussalam)

Abu Nadrah reported: The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said in the final days of the pilgimrage: "O people, your Lord is one and your father Adam is one. There is no favor of an Arab over a foreigner, nor a foreigner over an Arab, and neither white skin over black skin, nor black skin over white skin, except by righteousness. Have I not delivered the message?"
Grade: Sahih (authentic) according to Al-Arna’ut

Narrated Abu Hurairah: that the Prophet (ﷺ) said: "People should stop boasting about their fathers who have died, while they are but coals of Hell, or they will be more humiliated with Allah than the dung beetle who rolls dung with his nose. Indeed Allah removed Jahiliyyah from you, and its boasting about lineage. [Indeed a person is either] a pious believer, or a miserable sinner. And people are all the children of Adam, and Adam was [created] from dust."
Grade: Hasan (Darussalam)

Narrated Abu Hurairah: that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: "Leadership is among the Quraish, and reasoning and judgment is among the Ansar, and the Adhan is among the Ethiopians, and the trust is among the Al-Azd." meaning Yemen.
Grade: Hasan (Darussalam)

Wathila b. al-Asqa' reported: I heard Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) as saying: Verily Allah granted eminence to Kinana from amongst the descendants of Isma'il, and he granted eminence to the Quraish amongst Kinana, and he granted eminence to Banu Hashim amonsgst the Quraish, and he granted me eminence from the tribe of Banu Hashim.

Narré Wathilah bin Al-Asqa' : que le Messager d'Allah (ﷺ) a dit : "En effet, Allah a choisi [istafa; lit. "taken 'the best' from"^[2]] Isma'il des enfants d'Ibrahim, et Il a choisi Banu Kinanah des enfants d'Isma'il, et Il a choisi les Quraish de Banu Kinanah, et Il a choisi Banu Hashim de Quraish, et Il m'a choisi de Banu Hashim".
Grade: Sahih (Darussalam)

Narré Salman : " Le Messager d'Allah (ﷺ) m'a dit : " Ô Salman ! Ne me déteste pas et ne quitte pas ainsi ta religion.' J'ai dit : " Ô Messager d'Allah ! Comment pourrais-je te détester alors qu'Allah nous a guidés par toi.' Il dit : Tu détesteras les Arabes et par là même, tu me détesteras.
Grade: Da'if (Darussalam)

Il a été rapporté par 'Uthman bin 'Affan : que le Messager d'Allah (ﷺ) a dit : "Quiconque trompe les Arabes, il ne sera pas inclus dans mon intercession, et mon amour ne l'atteindra pas."
Grade: Da'if (Darussalam)

Yahya m'a rapporté de Malik de Ismail ibn Abi Hakim qu'il a entendu Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz dire : " L'une des dernières choses que le Messager d'Allah, qu'Allah le bénisse et lui accorde la paix, a dit est : Qu'Allah combatte les juifs et les chrétiens. Ils prenaient les tombes de leurs Prophètes comme lieux de prosternation. Deux dieux ne coexisteront pas sur la terre des Arabes.

Ali Ibn Abi Talib, a dit : En vérité, le Prophète a dit : Dieu a divisé la terre en deux moitiés et m'a placé dans la meilleure des deux, puis Il a divisé la moitié en trois parties, et j'étais dans la meilleure d'entre elles, puis Il a choisi les Arabes parmi les gens, puis Il a choisi les Quraysh parmi les Arabes, puis Il a choisi les enfants de 'Abd al-Muttalib parmi les Banu Hashim, puis il m'a choisi parmi les enfants de 'Abd al-Muttalib, et parmi eux il m'a choisi.^[3]

" Un homme a épousé une servante-esclave qui lui a donné un enfant. Cet enfant serait-il libre ou serait-il un esclave possédé ?" "L'enfant qu'elle a porté de lui serait la propriété de son maître selon tous les Imams (chefs des quatre écoles de droit islamique) car l'enfant suit le (statut) de sa mère en liberté ou en esclavage. Si l'enfant n'est pas de la race des Arabes, alors il est définitivement un esclave à part entière selon les savants, mais les savants se sont disputés (son statut) entre eux s'il était de la race des Arabes - s'il doit être asservi ou non parce que "quand A'isha (la femme de Muhammad) avait une servante qui était arabe, Muhammad a dit à A'isha, 'Libère cette servante parce qu'elle est des enfants d'Ismaël..

Ibn Taymiyya, Vol. 31, pp. 376-377

Narrated Muhammad bin Jubair bin Mut`im: That while he was with a delegation from Quraish to Muawiya, the latter heard the news that `Abdullah bin `Amr bin Al-`As said that there would be a king from the tribe of Qahtan. On that Muawiya became angry, got up and then praised Allah as He deserved, and said, "Now then, I have heard that some men amongst you narrate things which are neither in the Holy Book, nor have been told by Allah's Messenger (ﷺ). Those men are the ignorant amongst you. Beware of such hopes as make the people go astray, for I heard Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) saying, 'Authority of ruling will remain with Quraish, and whoever bears hostility to them, Allah will destroy him as long as they abide by the laws of the religion.' "

Narrated Ibn `Umar: The Prophet (ﷺ) said, "Authority of ruling will remain with Quraish, even if only two of them remained."

Il a été rapporté sur l'autorité d'Abu Hurayra que le Messager d'Allah (ﷺ) a dit : Les gens sont soumis aux Quraysh : les musulmans parmi eux étant soumis aux musulmans parmi eux, et les mécréants parmi les gens étant soumis aux mécréants parmi eux.

Il a été rapporté sur l'autorité de Jabir b. 'Abdullah que le Messager d'Allah (ﷺ) a dit : Les gens sont les partisans de Quraish dans le bien comme dans le mal.

Il a été rapporté sur l'autorité de Jabir b. Samura qui a dit : J'ai rejoint la compagnie du Prophète (ﷺ) avec mon père et je l'ai entendu dire : Ce califat ne prendra pas fin avant qu'il y ait eu douze califes parmi eux. Le narrateur dit : Puis il (le Saint Prophète) a dit quelque chose que je n'ai pas pu suivre. J'ai dit à mon père : Qu'a-t-il dit ? Il a répondu : Il a dit : Tous seront des Quraish.

It has been narrated on the authority of Jabir b. Samura who said: I heard the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) say: Islam will continue to be triumphant until there have been twelve Caliphs. Then the Prophet (ﷺ) said something which I could not understand. I asked my father: What did he say? He said: He has said that all of them (twelve Caliphs) will be from the Quraish.

Narrated Abu Huraira: Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said, "This branch from Quraish will ruin the people." The companions of the Prophet (ﷺ) asked, "What do you order us to do (then)?" He said, "I would suggest that the people keep away from them.

Sahih Bukhari 4:56:801

Narrated Abu Huraira: I heard Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) saying, "Pride and arrogance are characteristics of the rural bedouins while calmness is found among the owners of sheep. Belief is Yemenite, and wisdom is also Yemenite i.e. the Yemenites are well-known for their true belief and wisdom)." Abu `Abdullah (Al-Bukhari) said, "Yemen was called so because it is situated to the right of the Ka`ba, and Sham was called so because it is situated to the left of the Ka`ba."

Narrated Abi Mas`ud: The Prophet (ﷺ) said, "From this side from the east, afflictions will appear. Rudeness and lack of mercy are characteristics of the rural bedouins who are busy with their camels and cows (and pay no attention to religion). Such are the tribes of Rabi`a and Mudar."

Narrated Abu Hurairah: "A man from Banu Fazarah gave a gift to the Prophet (ﷺ) of she-camel from his camels which they had taken at Al-Ghabah. So he reciprocated for it with something in return, but he was upset with it. So I heard the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ), upon [this] Minbar saying: 'Indeed one of the men from the Bedouins gave me a gift so I reciprocated for it to the extent of what I had. Then he became very upset with me. By Allah! After my experience with this Bedouin man, I shall not accept a gift from anyone except from a Quraishi, Ansari, Thaqafi, or Dawsi.'"
Grade: Sahih (Darussalam)

Narrated Ibn 'Umar: that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: "O Allah bless us in our Sham! O Allah bless us in our Yemen." They said: "And in our Najd [the Najd is the land of the Bedouins]" He said: "O Allah bless us in our Sham! O Allah bless us in our Yemen." They said: "And in our Najd" He said: "Earthquakes are there, and tribulations are there." Or he said: "The horn of Shaitan comes from there."
Grade: Sahih (Darussalam)

Narrated AbuHurayrah: The Prophet said: The testimony of a nomad Arab against a townsman is not allowable.

Narrated 'Aishah: that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) was sitting and we heard a scream and the voices of children. So the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) arose, and it was an Ethiopian woman, prancing around while the children played around her. So he said: 'O 'Aishah, come (and) see.' So I came, and I put my chin upon the shoulder of the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) and I began to watch her from between his shoulder and his head, and he said to me: 'Have you had enough, have you had enough?'" She said: "So I kept saying: 'No,' to see my status with him. Then 'Umar appeared." She said: "So they dispersed." She said: "So the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: 'Indeed I see the Shayatin among men and jinn have run from 'Umar.' She said: 'So I returned.'"
Grade: Hasan (Darussalam)

Narrated Anas bin Malik: The Prophet (ﷺ) said to Abu-Dhar, "Listen and obey (your chief) even if he is an Ethiopian with a head like a raisin."

Narrated `Abdullah: The Prophet (ﷺ) said, "I saw (in a dream) a black woman with unkempt hair going out of Medina and settling at Mahai'a, i.e., Al-Juhfa. I interpreted that as a symbol of epidemic of Medina being transferred to that place (Al-Juhfa).

Jabir (Allah be pleased with him) reported: There came a slave and pledg- ed allegiance to Allah's Apostle (may peace be upon him) on migration; he (the Holy Prophet) did not know that he was a slave. Then there came his master and demanded him back, whereupon Allah's Apostle (may peace be upon him) said: Sell him to me. And he bought him for two black slaves, and he did not afterwards take allegiance from anyone until he had asked him whether he was a slave (or a free man)

I have heard that it was of him that the apostle said, 'Whoever wants to see Satan let him take a look at Nabtal b. al-Harith!' He was a sturdy black man with long flowing hair, inflamed eyes, and dark ruddy cheeks. He used to come and talk with the Prophet and listen to him. He would carry what he had said to the hypocrites. Nabtal said, 'Muhammad is all ears. If anyone tells him something he believes it.' Allah sent down concerning him: 'To those who annoy the Prophet and say that he is all ears, say, 'Good ears for you.' For those who annoy the Apostle there is a painful punishment."

He [the prophet] sent Khalid bin al-Walid in Ramadan 8 A.H., to a spot called Nakhlah ‎where there was a goddess called Al-‘Uzza venerated by the Quraish and Kinanah . . . On ‎his return, the Prophet asked him if he had seen anything there, to which Khalid gave a ‎negative answer . . . He went back again and there he saw a black woman, naked with torn ‎hair. Khalid struck her with his sword into two parts. He returned and narrated the story ‎to the Prophet, who then confirmed the fulfillment of the task.‎

Sa’d bin Zaid Al-Ashhali was also sent in the same month and on the same mission to Al-‎Mushallal to destroy an idol, Manat, respected by both Al-Aws and Al-Khazraj tribes. Here ‎also a black woman, naked with messy hair appeared wailing and beating on her chest. ‎Sa’d immediately killed her . . .‎

'Ubaidullah b. Abu Rafi', the freed slave of the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him), said: When Haruria (the Khwarij) set out and as he was with 'Ali b. Abu Talib (Allah be pleased with him) they said," There is no command but that of Allah." Upon this 'Ali said: The statement is true but it is intentionally applied (to support) a wrong (cause). The Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him described their characteristics and I found these characteristics in them. They state the truth with their tongue, but it does not go beyond this part of their bodies (and the narrator pointed towards his throat). The most hateful among the creation of Allah is one black man among them (Khwarij). One of his hand is like the teat of a goat or the nipple of the breast. When 'Ali b. Abu Talib (Allah be pleased with him) killed them, he said: Search (for his dead body). They searched for him, but they did not find it (his dead body). Upon this he said: Go (and search for him). By Allah, neither I have spoken a lie nor has the lie been spoken to me. 'Ali said this twice and thrice. They then found him (the dead body) in a rain. They brought (his dead) body till they placed it before him (Hadrat 'Ali). 'Ubaidullah said: And, I was present at (that place) when this happened and when 'Ali said about them. A person narrated to me from Ibn Hanain that he said: I saw that black man.

It is related by Damrah b. Rabi`ah-Ibn `Ata'-his father:Ham begat all those who are black and curly-haired, while Japheth begat all those who are full-faced with small eyes, and Shem begat everyone who is handsome of face with beautiful hair. Noah prayed that the hair of Ham's descendants would not grow beyond their ears, and that wherever his descendants met the children of Shem, the latter would enslave them

Asim b. 'Umar b. Qataada told me that Abu 'Amir 'Abdu 'Amr b. Sayfi b. Malik b. al-Nu'man, one of the B. Dubay'a who had seperated from the apostle and gone off to Mecca along with fifty young men of al-Aus [Tabari:among whom was 'Uthman b. Hunayf] though some people say there were only fifteen of them, was promising Quraysh that if he met his people no two men of them would exchange blows with him; and when the battle was joined the first one to meet them was Abu 'Amir with the,black troops and the slaves of the Meccans,and he cried out,'O men of Aus, I am Abu' Amir.' They replied, 'Then God destroy your sight, you impious rascal.' {In the pagan period he was called 'the monk'; the apostle called him 'the impious'.)

"Abu Darda reported that the Holy Prophet said: Allah created Adam when he created him (sic). Then He stroke (sic) his right shoulder and took out a white race as if they were seeds, and He stroke (sic) his left shoulder and took out a black race as if they were coals. Then He said to those who were in his right side: Towards paradise and I don't care. He said to those who were on his left shoulder: Towards Hell and I don't care. - Ahmad"

Narrated Abu Bakra: The Prophet (ﷺ) said, "Do you think that the tribes of Juhaina, Muzaina, Aslam and Ghifar are better than the tribes of Bani Tamim, Bani Asad, Bani `Abdullah bin Ghatafan and Bani Amir bin Sasaa?" A man said, "They were unsuccessful and losers." The Prophet (ﷺ) added, "(Yes), they are better than the tribes of Bani Tamim, Bani Asad, Bani `Abdullah bin Ghatafan and Bani Amir bin Sasaa."

Narrated Abu Hurairah (ra): The Prophet (ﷺ) said, (The people of) Aslam, Ghifar and some people of Muzaina and Juhaina or said (some people of Juhaina or Muzaina) are better with Allah or said (on the Day of resurrection) than the tribe of Asad, Tamim, Hawazin and Ghatafan.

Narrated Abu Usaid As-Sa'idi: that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: "The Best houses of the Ansar are the houses of Banu An-Najjar, then the house of Banu 'Abdul-Ashhal, then Banu Al-Harith bin Al-Khazraj, then Banu Sa'idah. And in all of the houses of the Ansar there is good." So Sa'd said: "I do not see except that the Prophet (ﷺ) has preferred everyone over us." So it was said: "He preferred you over many."
Grade: Sahih (Darussalam)

Narrated Abu Hurairah: that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: "The people of Yemen have come to you. They are weaker in heart and softer in understanding, faith is Yemeni and wisdom is Yemeni."
Grade: Hasan (Darussalam)

Narrated Abu Hurairah: "The Prophet (ﷺ) said to me: 'Who are you from?' I said: 'From Daws.' He said: 'I did not think there was anyone from Daws in whom there was good.'"
Grade: Hasan (Darussalam)

‘Umar b. al-Khatṭāb said: “We forbid the private parts of noble women ̣to anyone except their equals.”

Kathīr b. Salt said: “A mawlā of ours who married an Arab woman was brought before the Caliph, ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz … and he said, ʿAbū Kathīr’s mawlā has overstepped his limits.’”

In his Athar, Shaybani quotes the first tradition above [‎“The Quraysh are each other’s equals, and the Arabs are each other’s equals. Among the ‎non-Arabs, whoever has two Muslim parents or grandparents are each other’s equal.”‎] approvingly and adds that if a woman does marry a man who is not her [racial and/or tribal] ‎equal, and her wali [legal male guardian] brings the matter to the qadi [Islamic judge], ‎the qadi ought to separate the couple. . . . Shaybani also notes that Abu Ḥanifa agrees that the qadi separates the couple.”‎

Imam Ahmad Ibn Hanbal was asked: ' I have a first cousin on my father's side who is an Arab. Should I give her in marriage to a "mawla" (i.e. a non-Arab client)? [Ibn Hanbal] replied, "No." The man said, "But she is a mawla. The man said, "But she is sick ('da'ifa'). Ahmad said, "Do not give her in marriage (to him)." ' [On another occasion, another man asked Ibn Hanbal what he thought about "someone who marries his daughter to a 'mawla'". He (Ibn Hanbal) replied, "I will separate them. Then he (Ibn Hanbal) said, "An Arab (married to) an Arab (is) suitable (kaf) and Quraysh (married to) Quraysh (is) suitable (kaf)." Then he (presumably the questioner) asked, "What would you think if a 'Zangi' (black) married one of the descendants ('walad') of Fatima [Muhammad's daughter]? He (Ibn Hanbal) disapproved of it, and said, "This is the doctrine of the 'Shu'ubiyya' [a Persian sect that believed in racial egalitarianism].

If the bride chooses an unsuitable suitor, the guardian ["wali"; male legal guardian] is not obliged to marry her to him. If she chooses a suitable suitor but her guardian chooses another suitor who is also suitable, the man chosen by the guardian has priority if the guardian can legally compel her to marry (def: m3.13(1)), while the one she chooses has priority if the guardian cannot legally compel her to marry (m3.13(2)). [...]

m4.2 Les personnes suivantes ne sont pas compatibles entre elles : (1) un homme non arabe pour une femme arabe (O : en raison du hadith selon lequel le Prophète (qu'Allah le bénisse et lui donne la paix) a dit : 'Allah a choisi les Arabes au-dessus des autres'.

Les juristes ont déclaré que "parmi les Arabes, un homme non Quraishi n'est pas compatible (Kuf) avec une femme Quraishi, et qu'aucune personne de descendance non arabe ne peut être compatible avec une femme de descendance arabe". Par exemple, les Sayyids, qu'ils soient Siddique ou Farooque, Uthmaani ou Alawi, ou qu'ils appartiennent à une autre branche, ne peuvent jamais être mariés à une personne ne partageant pas leur lignée, quelle que soit sa profession et son statut familial. Les Sayyids sont compatibles entre eux, puisqu'ils partagent la descendance de la tribu Quraishi. Ainsi, les mariages entre eux sont corrects et autorisés sans aucune condition comme cela apparaît dans le Durrul Mukhtar :

“And Kafaah in lineage. Thus the Quraysh are suitable matches for one another as are the (other) Arabs suitable matches for one another.”

The ruling relevant to non-Arabs is as follows: ‘An Ajmi (non-Arab) cannot be a match for a woman of Arab descent, no matter that he be an Aalim (religious scholar) or even a Sultan (ruling authority)‘. (Raddul Muhtar p.209 v.4)

Il convient de noter ici que "tous les non-arabes sont considérés comme un bon parti l'un pour l'autre (et pour les Arabes sans lignée connue et établie avec l'une des tribus arabes originelles, ce qui est rare, comme le mentionne Ibn Abidin) d'un point de vue fiqhi ["jurisprudentiel" ou "légal"]. Il se peut qu'un garçon/fille d'un milieu totalement différent soit un bon parti, plutôt que le frère ou la sœur d'un cousin. Les étudiants du savoir sacré ont beaucoup en commun et il serait souhaitable d'épouser un camarade d'une caste différente plutôt que votre cousin germain ou cousine germaine qui n'a pas la moindre idée de ce que vous étudiez.

'Chapitre : A propos de celui qui attribue à un Arabe ou à un non-Arabe la parenté d'un autre peuple que le sien [...]

Je [Sahnun] ai dit : Que se passe-t-il s'il dit à un Arabe : "Oh éthiopien !" ou "Oh perse !" ou "Oh romain !" ou "Oh berbère !" ? Le hadd [en référence à la punition hadd connue sous le nom de "hadd al-firyah" - c'est-à-dire la punition de 80 coups de fouet pour calomnie] sera-t-il appliqué selon Malik ?

Il [Ibn al-Qasim, compagnon de l'imam Malik pendant vingt ans] a répondu : Oui [le hadd sera appliqué].

J'ai dit : Que se passerait-il s'il disait à un non-Arabe [" mawla "], " Oh Perse ! ", alors qu'il est romain ? Ou s'il disait à un berbère : "Oh éthiopien !" ou "Oh persan !" ? Ou bien il a dit à un Persan : "Oh Romain !" ou "Oh Nabatéen !" ? Le hadd sera-t-il appliqué dans ce cas selon l'Imam Malik ou non ?

Il a dit : Malik a dit : Lorsqu'on dit à un Persan : " Ô Romain ! ", " Ô Éthiopien ! ", ou quelque chose de similaire, alors il n'y a pas de hadd à ce sujet. Et il y a eu une divergence d'opinion au sujet de Malik quant à savoir si celui qui dit au Romain ou au Berbère, "Oh Ethiopien !" aurait le hadd sur lui. Et je pense qu'il n'y a pas de hadd sur lui [le criminel] sauf s'il lui dit [à la victime] : " Oh fils de noir ! " alors qu'elle [la victime] est blanche. S'il n'y a parmi ses ancêtres [de la victime] aucun Noir, alors le hadd est mis en œuvre. Et s'il [le criminel] l'a décrit [la victime] comme un Éthiopien, en disant : "Oh fils d'un Éthiopien !", et qu'il [la victime] était un Berbère, alors les [descriptions] éthiopienne et romaine dans ce cas sont les mêmes [c'est-à-dire] s'il [la victime] était un Berbère - et cela [c'est-à-dire cette décision] est le meilleur de ce que j'ai entendu du discours de Malik. Et cela [c'est-à-dire cette décision] a été confirmé auprès de moi, à moins qu'on ne lui dise [à la victime] : "Oh fils d'un noir !", car ce serait une calomnie évidente s'il n'y avait pas de noir parmi ses ancêtres.

J'ai dit : Et s'il disait à un Persan ou à un Berbère : "Ô Arabe !". Il répondit : Il n'y a pas de hadd sur lui dans ce cas.

J'ai dit : Qu'en est-il s'il dit à un arabe : "Oh Qurayshi !", ou à un homme de Mudar [la tribu] : "Oh Yéménite !", ou s'il dit à un homme du Yémen : "Oh Mudari". Il a dit : Je vois tout cela comme la coupure de la lignée, et je pense que cela justifie le hadd tout comme Malik le dit concernant la coupure de la lignée [une punition hadd différente de la punition hadd de 80 coups de fouet pour la calomnie - c'est-à-dire. mentir sur la lignée ("couper la lignée", ou qatt al-nasab) n'est pas nécessairement de la diffamation (qadhf), alors que dire que quelqu'un est le "fils d'un noir" ou décrire un arabe comme un non-arabe l'est], parce que la lignée de l'arabe est tracée à travers ses ancêtres, donc quiconque l'attribue [l'arabe] à autre chose que ses ancêtres a supprimé sa lignée [de l'arabe], [et] donc le hadd est sur lui. [...]

J'ai dit : Et s'il dit à un Arabe : " Tu n'es pas des Arabes ", ne subira-t-il pas le hadd selon Malik ? Il a dit : Oui [le criminel subira le hadd]. [...]

Chapitre : Il dit à un homme : 'Oh fils d'handicapé !' ou 'Oh fils de noir !' '. [...]

J'ai dit : Et s'il [le criminel] lui disait [à la victime] : "Oh fils de ventouse !". (celui qui pratique la thérapie par ventouses) ou "Oh, fils de tailleur !". Il a répondu : Malik a dit : Si elle [la victime] est arabe, alors le hadd est mis en œuvre sauf s'il y a parmi ses ancêtres [de la victime] quelqu'un qui faisait ce type de travail. Malik a dit : Et si elle [la victime] est un non-arabe, je considère qu'il [le criminel] doit jurer par Allah qu'il n'avait pas l'intention par là de couper la lignée, et il n'y a pas de hadd sur lui, et sur lui est le tazeer [c'est-à-dire une autre punition discrétionnaire décidée par le juge - ces punitions ne sont pas autorisées à dépasser 40 coups de fouet]. J'ai dit : pourquoi [la décision] est-elle différenciée dans ce [cas] entre l'arabe et le non-arabe ?

Il a répondu : Parce qu'ils [c'est-à-dire la coupe et la confection] sont le travail des non-arabes.

J'ai dit : Et s'il [le criminel] a dit à la victime : "Oh, fils d'un noir !". Il a dit : Le hadd sera mis en œuvre sur lui selon Malik si elle [la victime] était un arabe ou un non arabe à moins qu'il y ait un noir parmi ses ancêtres. [...]

Chapitre : Concernant celui qui a dit à un blanc : " Ô fils de noir " ou " Ô aveugle d'un œil ! " et qu'il est sain [c'est-à-dire non aveugle]. [...]

J'ai dit : Qu'en est-il de l'homme qui dit à un arabe : "Oh non arabe !". Est-il puni par le hadd ou pas selon Malik ? Il a dit : Oui [le criminel est puni avec le hadd]. J'ai dit : Et qu'en est-il de l'homme qui dit à un arabe : " Oh esclave ! ". Est-il puni par le hadd ou non selon Malik ? Il a dit : Oui [le criminel est puni avec le hadd].

J'ai dit : Et s'il dit à un non-arabe : " Oh esclave ! ", sera-t-il fouetté selon le hadd ou non selon Malik ? Il a dit : Je ne me souviens pas de cela [c'est-à-dire de la décision] de Malik, mais je tiens qu'il n'y a pas de hadd sur lui. [...]

'Chapitre : A propos de celui qui a été calomnié puis a quitté l'Islam.

J'ai dit : Et si je [Sahnun, étant un criminel] calomniais un homme et que cet homme [la victime] quittait l'Islam, puis revenait à l'Islam, et qu'ensuite il exigeait de [c'est-à-dire contre] moi le hadd [qu'il soit imparti contre Sahnun] - Me frapperais-tu [c'est-à-dire me fouetterais-tu] pour lui ou non ? Il a dit : Il n'y a pas de hadd sur son calomniateur [c'est-à-dire le criminel].

Lui, Ibn al-Qasim, a dit : S'il [le criminel] l'a calomnié, puis qu'il [le criminel] a quitté l'Islam, ou s'il [le criminel] l'a calomnié alors qu'il [le criminel] était un apostat [murtad], alors le hadd sera appliqué contre lui [le criminel] tant qu'il [le criminel] était apostat - et s'il [le criminel] s'est repenti [c'est-à-dire est revenu à l'Islam], alors le hadd sera appliqué contre lui [le criminel] tout aussi bien. Et si quelqu'un [étant un criminel] l'a calomnié [la victime] alors qu'il [la victime] était un apostat, et qu'ensuite il [la victime] s'est repenti, alors il n'y aurait pas de hadd sur lui [le criminel]. Et si quelqu'un [un criminel] l'a calomnié [la victime] avant qu'elle [la victime] n'apostasie, et qu'ensuite elle [la victime] a apostasié, alors il n'y a pas de hadd sur le calomniateur [c'est-à-dire le criminel] s'il [la victime] se repent [c'est-à-dire revient à l'Islam] - et en effet, ceci est le cas. revient à l'Islam] - et en effet, ceci est similaire au cas d'un homme qui a été calomnié avec [l'accusation de] zina [fornication/adultère] mais n'a pas été pris pour le hadd [c'est-à-dire n'a pas été puni ou poursuivi] jusqu'à ce qu'il [la victime] ait [effectivement] commis zina [fornication/adultère], car alors [aussi] il n'y a pas de hadd sur celui qui l'a calomnié.

(Qadi Iyad le répète deux fois :) Ahmad b. Abi Sulayman, le compagnon de Sahnun, a dit : Quiconque dit que le Prophète était noir (aswad) doit être tué.'

‎The Arabs are more intelligent than those other than themselves and are more capable ‎in delivery and expression . . . verily, what the people of the sunnah are upon is the belief ‎‎(i’tiqaad) that the Arab race is better (afdal) than the Non-Arab race. Whether (the Non-‎Arabs) are Hebrews, Aramaic, Romans, Persians and other than them . . . not simply due to ‎the fact the prophet peace be upon him is from them – even though this is [a point] of ‎superiority – but instead, they themselves are superior within themselves . . . [for] Allah the ‎Most High has designated the Arabs and their language with rulings that are peculiar and ‎unique.”

The Quraysh are each other’s equals, and the Arabs are each other’s equals. Among the ‎non-Arabs, whoever has two Muslim parents or grandparents are each other’s equal.‎

Imam Shafi'i said, "People do not become ignorant and do not disagree except due to their leaving the tongue ‎of the Arabs and their adoption of the tongue of Aristotle‎"

Arabs are of equal standing with each other, and the Quraysh are of equal standing with ‎each other.‎

He (Ibn Hanbal) acknowledged the Arab’s due, and their superiority (fadlaha) and their ‎priority (sabiqataha) and he loved the . . . he (Ibn Hanbal) did not adhere to the doctrine ‎of the Shu’ubiyya ‎[a Persian sect that believed in racial egalitarianism] and the ‎contemptible (among) the mawali [non-Arabs] that disliked the Arabs and did not ‎concede to them their [Arabs] superiority. He (ascribed to) them (Shu’ubiyya) innovation, ‎hypocrisy and controversy.‎

‎[In response to a question regarding Ibn Taymiyyah’s statement:] Do you think, now, that ‎the African people are like the Europeans in their conciousness and intelligence? . . . Do ‎you not prefer the European people over the African people? . . . [likewise,] Allah almighty ‎knows that the Arabs are . . . fit to bear the call [of Islam] and to understand it . . .

‎“Allah choose to send this Sharia to a prophet from the Arab nation . . . [because] they ‎were distinguished from among all nations [in] . . . quality of mind”‎

The race of the Arabs is is better than the race of the non-Arabs, no doubt.‎

Allah chose the Arab for Islam because of their natural and moral characteristics that are ‎unique to them . . . I believe that the nature of the Arabs is mixed in with the religion of ‎Islam . . .‎

In the answer to question no. 115934, we noted that Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamaa‘ah are unanimously agreed that the Arabs are superior to others in terms of descent and lineage, and that regarding the Arabs as superior is in general terms, and does not apply at the individual level. So a non-Arab who is pious and righteous is better than an Arab who falls short in his duties to Allah, may He be exalted.

It is from that which is decided from the sunnah of the prophet that Arabism [urubah; ‎lit. “the quality of being ‎Arabian”^[5] is superior over other races. This is because ‎Allah chose Muhammad from the Arabs and made the Quran – which is the eternal ‎message – Arabic. And the Sunnis [lit. “people of the Sunnah”] have agreed upon the ‎superiority of the Arabism over other races and lineages.‎

The superiority of Arabism is a superiority of class [jins] and not individual, for the ‎devout and pious non-Arab is better than the Arab who is negligent about the truth of ‎Allah. Also, the superiority of Arabism is choice from Allah almighty. It is possible that the ‎wisdom behind this is apparent to us, and it is also possible that the wisdom behind this is not apparent to us – except ‎that there‏ ‏are in the Arab those attributes and faults that indicate the face of this ‎preference. […]‎

He [Ibn Taymiyyah], Allah have mercy upon him, said: “That which the Sunnis believe is ‎that the Arab race is superior to the non-Arab race: their Hebrews, Syriacs, Romans, ‎Persians, and others.‎

‎“The Quraysh are the most of superior of the Arabs, the Bani Hashim are the most ‎superior of the Quraysh, and the messenger of Allah is the most superior of the Bani ‎Hashim, for he is the most superior creation as an individual and the most superior ‎among them in lineage.‎

‎“Also, the superiority of the Arab, then the Quraysh, and then the Bani Hashim is not ‎merely due to the existence of the prophet among them – even if this is part of their ‎superiority. Rather, they are superior in and of themselves. Thus, the messenger of Allah ‎is proven to be superior in person and lineage, otherwise circularity is necessitated. […]‎

‎“This is why it has come in a hadith: ‘Love of the Arab is faith [iman], and hatred for ‎them is hypocrisy’. […]‎

‎“And know that the hadiths regarding the superiority of the Quraysh and then the ‎superiority of Bani Hashim are many - this is not the place for listing them - and they ‎indicate this matter as well, for the Quraysh are to the Arabs as the Arabs are to ‎humankind. And this is how the Sharia came. […]‎

‎“The reason for this superiority – and Allah knows best – is what they have been favored ‎with in their intellects, tongues, morals, and deeds, and that is because superiority is ‎either by beneficial knowledge or righteous deeds. Also, knowledge has a basis, and that ‎is the strength of the intellect – that is in memorization and understanding; perfection ‎also, and that is in the power of logic – that is in explanation and expression. And the ‎Arabs are better at understanding than others, better preserved, and more capable of ‎explanation and expression. And their tongue is the most perfect of tongues in ‎explanation, at differentiating different and similar meanings, and combines many ‎meanings in a few words.‎

‎“And as for deed, this is based on morals, which are based on natural instincts in the ‎soul. And their instincts are more obedient to the good than those of others, for they are ‎closest to generosity, gentleness, courage, loyalty, and other such praiseworthy moral ‎traits.” End.‎

‎Iqtida Sirat al-Mustaqim p. 148-162‎

The fact that Allah Most High has chosen the Arabs over other nations is affirmed in rigorously authenticated hadiths of the Prophet, may Allah bless him and give him peace; related by Bukhari and Muslim in their “Sahih” in the beginning of the chapter of merits, # 5897, on the authority of Wathilah ibn al-Asqa` who said, “I heard the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, say, ‘Verily Allah has chosen Kinanah from the son of Isma`il, and He has chosen Quraysh from among Kinanah and He has chosen Hashim from among Quraysh and He has chosen me from the Bani Hashim.’”

So this hadith is a primary text about the preference of Arabs over others and the preference of some Arabs over other Arabs. And this is what the Imams have chosen from the………of their books, and even in individual books such as the book of Qurb about the merit of Arabs, authored by the great Imam al-Hafiz Zayn al-din al-`Iraqi. And it was summarized by Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Hajar al-Haytami and others.

Therefore the preference of Arabs over other nations, and the preference of some Arabs over other Arabs is affirmed in the Sacred Law. Allah has even preferred some months over other months and some days and nights of over others, as well as places. So in the same way, Allah Glorious and Exalted is He, has chosen some men over others, such as the prophets over others and even some prophets over other prophets. Muslims should not have any objection to this, because all of this returns to the wisdom of the Most Wise, Glorious is He, who is not asked about what He does, but rather, they are the ones who are asked. So after a Muslim has believed in Allah as his Lord, the Truth, and that there is no God but Him, then he should know that this is from among His matters, Blessed and High is He, and there is nothing but magnificent wisdom in it that we might see or that we might not see. Either way, we are only responsible for submitting to His rule, Glorious is He. And among His rulings is that Arabs are preferred over others and that some Arabs are better than other Arabs, as the above hadith clearly explained. So it is not appropriate for anyone to disagree in this when the proof is perfectly valid.

And there should be no disagreement in what has just preceded nor any disagreement in what appears in the Magnificent Book and in the sunna where we find that the real source of Allah’s preference is God-fearingness (taqwa) which result in the good deeds that people earn and that they are accounted for. So whoever sends forth good for himself, Allah has preferred him over those who have sent forth evil. As for the preference of an Arab over a non-Arab, and the preference of some Arabs over others, this is not a deed that one can earn. Rather, it is a bounty that Allah gives to whom He wills. So he may will something for these people, and there is no objection to your Lord’s rule. This is like the preference of some days over others, because the mind reasons that all days are the same in and of themselves, and there is no distinction that might appear between them. However, the mind can understand why something is better if there is not ……….. So the Sacred law came and affirmed the preference of some over others, and for some of those things there were reasons and wisdoms, such as the preference of the night of Power over others because the Majestic Qur’an was revealed during it. And in some of these things, the wisdom is not apparent to us and so this falls into the chapter of absolute obedience, such as the number of cycles (rak`ahs) in the prayer.

It is obligatory on a Muslim to believe that Arabs are preferred over other nations because there is a proof for it. However, this is not one of the pillars of our religion such that if someone rejected this, they would be considered outside of Islam. But if one does reject this, one has sinned for not believing in it because it is an affirmed matter according to a clear rigorously authenticated hadith. Also, this issue is not something that is commonly known among most Muslims, so for this, one should not hasten to blame one who disagrees with it. It is necessary, rather, to tell him about the issue.

And the fact that Arabs are preferred over others does not mean that a non-Arab can not have a higher merit in the religion than an Arab, because a person earns the good deeds that Allah has recommended we compete for. This is the highest merit of God-fearingness and this will be the basis upon which things are decided in the hereafter. However, the merit of the Arabs will still remain, in terms of their respect and exaltation being higher than others. And from this some hadiths have come to us about the Quraysh being put first for the caliphate before others, such as the hadith in Bukhari (#3500) on the authority of Mu`awiyah, may Allah be well pleased with him who said, ” I heard the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, say, ‘This matter of government belongs to the Quraysh. Anyone who takes a hostile attitude to them will be thrown on his face, as long as they are true to the faith.” And Bukhari also related (#3501) on the authority of Ibn `Umar from the Prophet, may Allah bless him and give him peace, that he said, “Government continues to belong to the Quraysh, even if they are (no more than) two.”

So I say that the merit of God-fearingness is what counts, according to the rigorously authenticated hadith, “And he who is slow in doing good deeds, his noble lineage will not quicken him (into entering Paradise).

"Like the crow among mankind are the Zanj [African Blacks] for they are the worst of men and the most vicious of creatures in character and temperament."^[6]

"We know that the Zanj (blacks) are the least intelligent and the least discerning of mankind, and the least capable of understanding the consequences of actions."^[6]

"They [the Shu`ubiyya] maintain that eloquence is prized by all people at all times - even the Zanj, despite their dimness, their boundless stupidity, their obtuseness, their crude perceptions and their evil dispositions, make long speeches."^[6]

They [the Zanj, that is, blacks] are ugly and misshapen, because they live in a hot country. The heat ‎overcrooks them in the womb, and curls their hair.‎

"A man of discernment said: The people of Iraq ... do not come out with something between blonde, buff and blanched coloring, such as the infants dropped from the wombs of the women of the Slavs and others of similar light complexion; nor are they overdone in the womb until they are burned, so that the child comes out something between black, murky, malodorous, stinking, and crinkly-haired, with uneven limbs, deficient minds, and depraved passions, such as the Zanj, the Somali, and other blacks who resemble them. The Iraqis are neither half-baked dough nor burned crust but between the two."^[6]

"Galen says that merriment dominates the black man because of his defective brain, whence also the weakness of his intelligence."^[6]

‎“[quoting another source in agreement:] Do not intermarry with the sons of Ham [blacks] ‎for they are the distorted among God’s creatures . . .”‎

[The Zanj have:] black complexion, kinky hair, flat nose[s], thick lips, slender hands and ‎feet, fetid odor, limited intelligence, extreme exuberance, [and] cannibalistic customs.

‎The slave is no brother to the godly freeman. / even though he be born in the clothes of ‎the free. // Do not buy a slave without buying a stick with him, / for slaves are filthy and ‎scant of good. // I never thought I should live to see the day when a / dog would do me ‎evil and be praised in the bargain, // nor did I imagin that true men would have ceased to ‎exist, / and that the like of the father of bounty, / would still be here, // and that that ‎negro with his pierced camel’s lip / would be obeyed by those cowardly hirelings . . . // . . . ‎Who ever taught the eunuch negro nobility? His / “white” people, or his royal ancestors? ‎‎// or his ear bleeding in the hand of the slave-broker? / or his worth, seeing that for two ‎farthings / he would be rejected? // wretched Kafur is the most deserving of the base / to ‎be excused in regard to every baseness – / and sometimes excusing is a reproach – / and ‎that is because white stallions are incapable / of gentility, so how about black eunuchs?

‎More stupid than a slave or his mate is he who makes / the slave his master . . . // . . . One ‎who holds you by his word is unlike one who holds / you in his jail – // The morality of the ‎‎[black] slave is bounded by his / stinking pudenda and his teeth. // He does not keep his ‎engagements of today, nor remember / what he said yesterday . . . // . . . Hope for no good ‎from a man over whose head the / slaver’s hand has passed, // And, if you are in doubt ‎about his person or / condition, look to his race. // One who is vile in his coat, was usually ‎vile / in his caul. // He who makes his way beyond his merits, still cannot / get away from ‎his root.

[Retelling an anecdote about "an Arab poet known as al-Sayyid al-Himyari (723-89)":] The Sayyid was my neighbor, and he was very dark. He used to carouse with the young men of the camp, one of whom was as dark as he was, with a thick nose and lips, and a Negroid [muzannajj] appearance. The Sayyid had the foulest smelling armpits of anybody. They were jesting together one day, and the Sayyid said to him: "You are a Zanji in your nose and your lips!" whereat the youth replied to the Sayyid: "And you are a Zanji in your color and armpits!"

It is disliked to trade in the land of the enemy or the land of the blacks. The Prophet, peace be upon him, said, "Travel is a portion of punishment."^[8]

"Their [Zanj] nature is that of wild animals. They are extremely black." "Among themselves [the Sudan] there are people who steal each other's children and sell them to the merchants when the latter arrive."^[6]

"[inhabitants of sub-Saharan African countries] are people distant from the standards of humanity" "Their nature is that of wild animals..."^[6]

"As regards southern countries, all their inhabitants are black on account of the heat of their climate... Most of them go naked... In all their lands and provinces, gold is found.... They are people distant from the standards of humanity."^[6]

"Of the neighbors of the Bujja, Maqdisi had heard that "there is no marriage among them; the child does not know his father, and they eat people -- but God knows best. As for the Zanj, they are people of black color, flat noses, kinky hair, and little understanding or intelligence."^[6]

In a philosophical work, he dismisses "the Turks, Zanj, Berbers, and their like" as "by their nature" without interest in the pursuit of intellectual knowledge and without desire to understand religious truth.

[Blacks are] people who are by their very nature slaves.^[9]

"The Zanj are so uncivilized that they have no notion of a natural death. If a man dies a natural death, they think he was poisoned. Every death is suspicious with them, if a man has not been killed by a weapon."^[6]

[Qadi Iyad repeats this twice:] Ahmad b. Abi Sulayman, the companion of Sahnun, said, 'Anyone who says that the Prophet was black (aswad) should be killed.'

God has decreed that ‎the most devout is the noblest even if he be a Negress’s bastard, and that the sinner and ‎unbeliever is at the lowest level even if he be the son of prophets.

‎[The Zanj, that is, blacks] are in great fear and awe of the Arabs, so much so that when they see an Arab ‎trader or traveler they bow ‎down and treat him with great respect [such that the Arab ‎can] lure them with dates, and lead them from place to place, until they seize them, take ‎them out of the country, and transport them ‎to their own countries . . . [They] lack of ‎knowledge and [have] defective minds . . .‎

‎[The southern ‘barbarians’] are more like beasts than like men . . . For those who live furthest to the north between the last of the seven climates and the limits of the inhabited world, the excessive distance of the sun in relation to the zenith line makes the air cold and the atmosphere thick. Their temperaments are therefore frigid, their humors raw, their bellies gross, their color pale, their hair long and lank. Thus they lack keenness of understanding and clarity of intelligence, and are overcome by ignorance and dullness, lack of discernment, and stupidity. Such are the Slavs, the Bulgars, and their neighbors. For those peoples on the other hand who live near and beyond the equinoctial line to the limit of the inhabited world in the south, the long presence of the sun at the zenith makes the air hot and the atmosphere thin. Because of this their temperaments become hot and their humors fiery, their color black and their hair woolly. Thus they lack self-control and steadiness of mind and are overcome by fickleness, foolishness, and ignorance. Such are the blacks, who live at the extremity of the land of Ethiopia, the Nubians, the Zanj and the like. . . . [they are the only people] who diverge from this human ‎order and depart from this rational association are some dwellers in the steppes and ‎inhabitants of the deserts and wilderness, such as the rabble of Bujja, the savages of ‎Ghana, the scum of the Zanj, and their like.

"If (all types of men) are taken, from the first, and one placed after another, like the Negro from Zanzibar, in the Southern-most countries, the Negro does not differ from an animal in anything except the fact that his hands have been lifted from the earth -in no other peculiarity or property - except for what God wished. Many have seen that the ape is more capable of being trained than the Negro, and more intelligent."^[6]

[The Zanj (African) differ from animals only in that] their two hands are lifted above the ground,... Many have observed that the ape is more teachable and more intelligent than the Zanj.^[9]

La région équatoriale est habitée par des communautés de Noirs qui sont à ranger parmi les sauvages et les bêtes. Leur teint et leurs cheveux sont brûlés et ils sont physiquement et moralement déviants. Leur cerveau est presque en ébullition à cause de la chaleur excessive du soleil. . . . L'homme qui y habite est un être grossier, au teint très noir, aux cheveux brûlés, indiscipliné, à la sueur fétide, à la constitution anormale, ressemblant le plus, dans ses qualités morales, à un sauvage ou à un animal.

Quand je l'ai vu [leur cadeau de réception], j'ai ri, et j'ai été longtemps étonné de leur faible intellect et de leur respect pour les choses mesquines.

"Par conséquent, la nation nègre est, en règle générale, soumise à l'esclavage, car [les Nègres] n'ont pas grand-chose [d'essentiellement] d'humain et ont des attributs tout à fait semblables à ceux des animaux muets, comme nous l'avons dit."^[6]

"Au-delà [des peuples connus de l'Afrique noire occidentale], au sud, il n'y a pas de civilisation au sens propre du terme. Il n'y a que des humains qui sont plus proches des animaux muets que des êtres rationnels. Ils vivent dans des fourrés et des grottes, et se nourrissent d'herbes et de céréales non préparées. Ils se mangent fréquemment entre eux. On ne peut pas les considérer comme des êtres humains."^[6]

Y a-t-il quelque chose de plus vil que les esclaves noirs, de moins bon et de plus mauvais qu'eux ? Quant au mulâtre, si vous faites preuve de bonté envers l'un d'eux toute votre vie et de toutes les manières, il ne vous en sera pas reconnaissant ; et ce sera comme si vous n'aviez rien fait pour lui. Plus vous le traitez bien, plus il sera insolent ; plus vous le traitez mal, plus il sera humble et soumis. J'ai essayé cela plusieurs fois, et comme le poète dit bien : " Si vous honorez l'honorable, vous le possédez / Si vous honorez l'ignoble, il sera insolent. On dit que quand l'esclave [noir] est rassasié, il fornique, quand il a faim, il vole. Mon grand-père du côté de ma mère avait l'habitude de dire : La pire utilisation de l'argent est l'éducation des esclaves, et les mulâtres sont encore pires et plus méchants que les Zanj, car le mulâtre ne connaît pas son père, alors que le Zanji connaît souvent ses deux parents. On dit du mulâtre qu'il est comme une mule, car c'est un bâtard. . . . Ne faites pas confiance à un mulâtre, car il y a rarement du bon en lui.

Un gouverneur présenta à Marwan un esclave noir.

Il dit à 'Abd al-Hamid : " Écris-lui et dénigre ce qu'il a fait " 'Abd al-Hamid écrivit au gouverneur : " Si tu avais trouvé une couleur pire que le noir et un nombre inférieur à un, tu l'aurais envoyé. " Ceci est adapté du dicton d'un bédouin à qui l'on demandait quels enfants il avait, et qui répondit : "Petits et mauvais." Quand on lui demanda ce qu'il voulait dire, il répondit : "Pas moins d'un, pas pire qu'une fille."

Contrairement à de nombreux stéréotypes actuels sur les débuts de l'Islam, pendant une grande partie du septième et du début du huitième siècle, l'admission dans la "umma" était exclusivement réservée aux Arabes.

La conversion religieuse était fondée sur la conversion ethnique. Pour qu'un non-arabe devienne musulman, il devait d'abord devenir membre d'une tribu arabe en devenant le " mawlā " (client) d'un parrain arabe. (client) d'un parrain arabe.

Dans la perspective islamique du septième siècle, l'ethnicité et la religion n'étaient pas des variables indépendantes. Tous les musulmans étaient des Arabes et, idéalement, tous les Arabes étaient des musulmans.