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...and of Palestine. Although separated by geography, language, religion, and time, these various sources all present a stunningly similar picture of the earl

...to be synonymous with the Holy Spirit, even though the term was only used in Christian and Jewish literature to refer to god himself. ==Jibreel in the Qur'an==

...) referring to the Torah - the first five books of the Jewish Bible; found in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. Some Muslims and scholars believe The Qur'an reports the Taurat to be one of the three previous [[Revelation|Revelations]] of [[Allah]] (The other two being the [[Zabur]] and [[Injil]] ). The Qur'

...s of his life found in Islamic scriptures have found near-universal assent in the Muslim world and comprise a fundamental part of the Islamic self-identi ...ly played a central role the tribal culture that dominated the environment in which Muhammad grew up and passed away. The diverse experiences Muhammad en

...ement in the hadith literature. Some of these miracles alleged to occur in Muhammad's life also appear to adaptations of miracle stories from [[People of the Boo ...cording to imam Bukhari's criteria, the narrations which claim miracles on Muhammad's behalf should be discarded.

...n adopted for the use of broadcasting the call to prayer publicly so that, in Muslim-majority nations, a person living within or near any city or populat ...atest||He is greater than the other gods worshiped by polytheists in Mecca in the 7th century.

...ah]] is directly responsible that has happened in the past and will happen in the future (a doctrine known as ''[[Predestination|qadr]]'', or predestinat ...ess hope rather than simple uncertainty about a certain event taking place in the future (the phrase is today rarely if ever employed to describe an unde

...azm'', Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-10034-2.</ref><ref> G. Parrinder, ''Jesus in the Qur'an'', Faber and Faber, London 1965; Dutch translation, Ten Have, Ba ....</ref> really says about the Taurat and Injil; and examine {{Quran|2|79}} in its own context, as well as against the aforementioned verses to see if the

...earer to mercy.<BR>82. And as for the wall, it belonged to two orphan boys in the city, and there was beneath it a treasure belonging to them, and their ...t-steps, and found Khadir. (And) what happened further to them is narrated in the Holy Qur'an by Allah. (18.54 up to 18.82)|See also: {{bukhari|1|3|78}}

...anything else, to restore Islam to the version of it that was practiced by Muhammad's companions and immediate successors. ...one will not, of course, expect to find an explanation for the actions of Muhammad's successors from someone who preceded them, such as, say, Muhammad himself.

...this absence of distinction has not been clarified by them or agreed upon in common. ==Historical interpretations of convenient revelations==

...the Islamic religion, let alone as a guide to all aspects of life. To fill in these gaps as it were, the hadith, narrations about the words and deeds att ...anslation, arranged by the order of the verses and chapters as they appear in the Qur'an.

...[[Monotheism|monotheistic]] faiths which pre-date the advent of [[Islam]]. In particular, it refers to the Christian, Jewish, and Sabian (and Zoroastrian ...people of his will, what he wants from them and what they must do for him in order to be saved from eternal damnation.

...ac.jpg|right|170px|thumb|The goddess al-Uzza at the Temple of Winged Lions in Petra.]] ...and al-Uzza, the goddesses of the [[Pagan Origins of Islam|Pagan]] Meccans in a [[Qur'an|Qur'anic]] [[revelation]], only to later recant and claim they w

...". In Islam it refers to one who rejects Allah and who '''does not believe in Muhammad''' sallallahu alayhi wa sallam as the final messenger of Allah.''. ......"[http://www.allwords.com/word-kafir.html AllWords.com - kafir]''</ref> In the context of Islamic scriptures, "kafir" is the broadest, all encompassin

...faculty of reasoning and decision-making....''" - [Alcohol and Intoxicants in Islam] - Muslim Bridges</ref> and recreational games of chance, such as boa ==In the Beginning==

...ood-1941 1.jpg|right|220px|thumb|The Ka'aba was flooded by 5 feet of water in 1941.]] ...it is intrinsic to the Hajj pilgrimage, two of the five pillars of Islam. In the Quran and Islamic tradition the Ka'bah is identified with the site of a

...at that time about the textual integrity of the Qur'an, which was by this time well known as the sacred text of the Muslims and their empire. ==Difficulty in Collecting the Qur'anic Verses==

...at that time about the textual integrity of the Qur'an, which was by this time well known as the sacred text of the Muslims and their empire. ==Difficulty in Collecting the Qur'anic Verses==

...t close friendship/allied relationships with disbelievers is not forbidden in most circumstances. ...ttps://ilj.law.indiana.edu/articles/84/84_2_Leeman.pdf Interfaith Marriage in Islam: An Examination of the Legal

...hen what is the recompense for those who do that among you except disgrace in worldly life; and on the Day of Resurrection they will be sent back to the ...g to straightforwardly profess that Allah must be more powerful than he is just.

...divining arrows. This is an abomination. This day are those who disbelieve in despair of (ever harming) your religion; so fear them not, fear Me! This da Once a Jew said to me, "O the chief of believers! There is a verse in your Holy Book Which is read by all of you (Muslims), and had it been revea

For the full article with many more examples than are included in this series, see {{Main|Parallelism Between the Qur'an and Judeo-Christian ...he truth which is restored in the Qur'an. There is no documentary evidence in the textual traditions of those religions to support this claim, and since

...er has been increasingly challenged by professional historians. The hadith in particular have been subjected to wide-ranging criticism and are said to be ...gions:Islam'', Hodder & Stoughton, pg 1. ISBN 0-340-58795-4</ref> The text in its original Arabic is believed to be the literal word of Allah<ref>[{{Qura

...the incident is well documented in the Islamic tradition, with attestation in [[ibn Ishaq]], [[Tabari]], and [[Sahih Bukhari|Bukhari]] inter alia. ...) into his desire: but Allah will cancel anything (vain) that Satan throws in, and Allah will confirm (and establish) His Signs: for Allah is full of Kno

...een rendered faithfully into other languages such as English, particularly in recent times and especially when the audience concerned is that of a develo ...stranslations have been observed in translations of the hadiths as well as in translations of other key Islamic texts, such as legal manuals.

...requirements for men are similar to common expectations of public decency in the modern world, those for women extend to covering the entirety of the bo ...ublic. The Quran indicates that the dress requirements for believing women in general were to prevent molestation and for purposes of modesty.

...rom Muhammad's life to argue that friendship with non-Muslims is permitted in most circumstances. A word common in many of these verses is awliyaa (plural of وَلِيٌّ [http://www.study

A word common in many of these verses is awliyaa (plural of وَلِيٌّ [http://www.study ...es that has nothing with Allah, except when taking precaution against them in prudence. And Allah warns you of Himself, and to Allah is the [final] desti

...lah four times that the thing he saith is indeed false,<BR>9. And a fifth (time) that the wrath of Allah be upon her if he speaketh truth.}} ...name of Allah that he (her husband) was among the liars, and at the fifth time (she said): Let there be curse upon her if he were among the truthful. He (

...[Muhammad]], an integral part of Islam, and are viewed by mainstream Islam in much the same way as the Jehovah's Witnesses are viewed by mainstream Chris ...an {{wp|Maliki}} theologian and scholar {{wp|Yusuf ibn abd al-Barr}} wrote in his Jami' Bayan al-'Ilm wa Fadlihi جـامع بـيـان أخذ العـ�

...hed previous Abrahamic religions. He is viewed as the final prophet of God in the main branches of Islam. ...A word from the same root is also used in the Islamic saying (that is also in the Quran) ''al-hamdu li-llah'' (الحمد لله, "all praise is to god")

...rs) who serves as the successor to [[Muhammad]], the founder of [[Islam]], in all matters of political and religious decision making. The word of the cal ===Upon Muhammad's death (632)===

...حوت الإسلامي, ''al-hoot al-islami''), is a mythological creature described in Islamic texts that carries the Earth on its back. It is also called Nun (ن ...aid that Nun is one of the names of the Lord; it stands for the letter Nun in Allah's name al-Rahman (the Beneficent); and it is also said that a Nun is

...uthorities of the Sunni Islam to be the perfect, unerring guide to mankind in all matters. {{Quote|{{Quran|2|106}}|None of Our revelations do We abrogate or cause to be forgotten, but We substitute something better

...(presumably from non-Muslim or slave women, who do not have to observe it) in order to prevent them from being molested/harassed. ...assing slave women in public spaces. This context is mentioned for example in Tafsir al-Jalalayn regarding the verse. The jilbab thus made free believing

!In Arabic ...the famous Fiqhi schools in Islam, the Hanafi school. Born in Kufa of Iraq in 698 A.D. He was jailed by the Abbasid Caliph Abu Jafar Mansur and tortured

...tions of Muhaddiths such as [[Sahih Bukhari|Bukhari]], who wrote his books in the middle of the 9th century, and the collectors of the [[Sira]] histories ...ral are considered to be very unreliable sources of historical information in modern academic scholarship, as well as by Islamic modernist scholars.

...tions of Muhaddiths such as [[Sahih Bukhari|Bukhari]], who wrote his books in the middle of the 9th century, and the collectors of the [[Sira]] histories {{Quote|{{Quran|33|21}}|Verily in the messenger of Allah ye have '''a good example''' (أسوة حسنة, ''u

...t as to which verses were abrogated (see the article [[List of Abrogations in the Qur'an]]). Some critics point to this as a failure of the Quran and Muh ...s, </ref><ref>{{Quran|17|106}}</ref> During those years, a lot had changed in his personal and private life.

...ce external to the Islamic tradition, the Armenian historian Pseudo-Sebeos in the 660s CE mentions a letter sent from "the Ismaelites" to Heraclius.<ref ...a Palestinian source, an Armenian historian known as Pseudo-Sebeos writing in the 660s CE mentions a letter sent from the Ishmaelites to Heraclius. The t

...to the prophet Ezra) and are thus subject to destruction and doom eternal in the Fire. ...e to at least some among the people of the book, especially if they accept Muhammad's message.

...to the prophet Ezra) and are thus subject to destruction and doom eternal in the Fire. ...isited with wrath from Allah. That was because they disbelieved in Allah's revelations and slew the prophets wrongfully. That was for their disobedience and trans

...ral permission to lie about the faith, which is not the case, as explained in the article [[taqiyya]]). ...amic Scripture (English)|erroneously translate]] this term; as can be seen in the following quotes and analysis.

...m Mecca to Medina, in whatever direction his face had turned; and its was (in this context) that this verse was revealed:" So whether you turn thither is ...hose who meditate therein and those who bow down and prostrate themselves (in worship).}}

...who commit sins against Allah may also be sent there. The hadith also adds in the curious detail that most of the inhabitants of hell are/shall be women. ...their souls, in that they deny (the revelation) which Allah has sent down, in insolent envy that Allah of His Grace should send it to any of His servants

...s faith) finds its antecedent in the Aramaic of the Jewish Targum Onqelos. In terms of Islamic theology, the zakat is a tax incumbent on all Muslims, ass ...cline (to truth)''' and the (ransoming of) captives and those in debts and in the way of Allah and the wayfarer; an ordinance from Allah; and Allah is kn

...s faith) finds its antecedent in the Aramaic of the Jewish Targum Onqelos. In terms of Islamic theology, the zakat is a tax incumbent on all Muslims, ass ...stablish worship, pay the poor-due, and bow your heads with those who bow (in worship).}}

...0Islamic%20Civilization%20-%20An%20Encyclopaedia&f=false "Jinn,"] 420-421, in Meri, Joseph W., ''Medieval Islamic Civilization - An Encyclopedia''.</ref> The jinn are mentioned frequently in the Qur'an. There is a [[surah]] titled Sūrat al-Jinn (the 72^nd

...me other "troublesome" animals such as mice, scorpions, geckos and snakes. In addition, only some animals may be killed and eaten by the believers, inclu ...his Al-Jarud asked, "Was it the Buraq, O Abu Hamza?" I (i.e. Anas) replied in the affirmative). The Prophet said, "The animal's step (was so wide that it

...and indeed the tradition states that meat will be served to the believers in heaven. ...his Al-Jarud asked, "Was it the Buraq, O Abu Hamza?" I (i.e. Anas) replied in the affirmative). The Prophet said, "The animal's step (was so wide that it

...he perspective taken by Islamic scriptures on women is of special interest in recent times due to frequent collision with modern values. ...ficiency, which was pronounced by Muhammad according to a hadith collected in Sahih Bukhari.

...with whom a man cohabits without being married”, and has a “social status in a household below that of a wife.”<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www. The following lists of women in Muhammad’s life are based on the Islamic sources. Because there were so m

...with whom a man cohabits without being married”, and has a “social status in a household below that of a wife.”<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www. The following lists of women in Muhammad’s life are based on the Islamic sources. Because there were so m

...amic law in several domains of life. Particularly, women are disadvantaged in matters of sexual, domestic, legal, financial, sartorial, and physical auto ...privileging male sexual agency.<ref>Ibid. pp. 131-132</ref> Ali also notes in her book the "very real dissonance between the cultural assumptions undergi

...banned in all major schools of Islamic jurisprudence, both from being sold in an Islamic state and from being consumed by believers. Numerous [[surah]]s Verses concerning alcohol arranged in [[Chronological Order of the Qur'an|chronological order]].

...l=https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB109027620568967848 |title=Books. In the Prophet's Name [Review] |first=Michael J. |last=Ybarra|publisher=wsj.c ...bi Islam'', 2004]]: 35</ref> call for “fighting and military engagements” in the “struggle against unbelievers (''[[kuffar]]'') and hypocrites (''[[mu

...int Khuwaylid|image=Khadijah bint Khuwaylid.jpg|caption=Khadijah’s “medal” in ''Promptuarii iconum insigniorum ''(1553). Lyon: Rouillé. This illustratio ...as ''the'' Mother of [[Islam]] herself. Khadijah was the mother to all of Muhammad's children, including Fatimah, save one.

...int Khuwaylid|image=Khadijah bint Khuwaylid.jpg|caption=Khadijah’s “medal” in ''Promptuarii iconum insigniorum ''(1553). Lyon: Rouillé. This illustratio ...as ''the'' Mother of [[Islam]] herself. Khadijah was the mother to all of Muhammad's children, including Fatimah, save one.

...usband, and the husband's lust is limited: it is not permissible to engage in anal sex even within an Islamic marriage. ...2|228}}|And it is for the women to act as they (the husbands) act by them, in all fairness; but the men are a step above them.}}

...Jihad"). Some academic scholars date the modern increase in anti-semitism in the Muslim world to the beginnings of the Arab-Israeli conflict, while othe ...d, [[Slavery|enslaved]], and extorted by [[Sahabah|Muhammad's companions]] in [[Medina]]).

...com.lb/Culture/Arts/Mar/18/Hitlers-Mein-Kampf-sells-50000-copies-in-Turkey-in-three-months.ashx#axzz1mYj9kPvg|2=2012-02-16}} ...ngside Arabic translations of Hitlers ''Mein Kumpf'' (sometimes translated in Arabic as "My Jihad").

...usband, and the husband's lust is limited: it is not permissible to engage in anal sex even within an Islamic marriage.   ==Men and women in the Quran==

...classical Islamic scholars noted that there were certain historical claims in the Quran and hadith which, taken literally (as Islamic orthodoxy holds the ...st what is in my heart, Thou I know not what is in Thine. For Thou knowest in full all that is hidden}}

...Arabic phrase ''Idri-boo-hunna'' which appears in Qur'an 4:34 (highlighted in blue) means "beat them".]] ..., done exclusively for audiences in majority non-Muslim countries, and fly in the face of over a thousand years of Islamic commentary and exegesis.

...rrence of these contradictions, critics argue, is particularly problematic in the case of the Quran because the Islamic tradition holds it to be the dire ...Islamic tradition holds that the doctrine of abrogation is only applicable in cases of law and not theology - what Allah says at any point with regards t

This is part two of a [[Dhul-Qarnayn and the Sun Setting in a Muddy Spring - Part One|two-part]] article providing a comprehensive exam ...sets and rises in physical locations, and in particular that the sun sets in a muddy spring.

...ion between our contributors and the top Quranic linguists and epigraphers in the field of Quranic studies." [https://twitter.com/NaqadStudies/status/126 ...an article of faith for most schools and sects of Islam and figures highly in the beliefs of Muslims around the divine nature of their religion. Orthodox

...ion between our contributors and the top Quranic linguists and epigraphers in the field of Quranic studies." [https://twitter.com/NaqadStudies/status/126 ...an article of faith for most schools and sects of Islam and figures highly in the beliefs of Muslims around the divine nature of their religion. Orthodox

...s have spent a great deal of time writing about how, when, where, why, and in what fashion Jihad may be undertaken. ...d spread the influence of the Hanafi school. He was appointed Qadi (judge) in Baghdad, Iraq, and later chief justice (qadi al-qudat) under Abbasid caliph

...s have spent a great deal of time writing about how, when, where, why, and in what fashion Jihad may be undertaken. ...d spread the influence of the Hanafi school. He was appointed Qadi (judge) in Baghdad, Iraq, and later chief justice (qadi al-qudat) under Abbasid caliph

...titutes the [[Qur'an]] and [[Muhammad]]'s [[Sunnah]] (way), which is found in the [[Hadith]] and [[Sira]]. Islamic jurisprudence is a complimentary expan ...f Islam and the formation of Islamic law. He is considered by all Muslims, in Islamic theology, as the [[Uswa Hasana|uswa hasana]] (perfect example). Sin

...ble to avoid statements in the Quran that reinforced misconceptions of the time, caused future generations to have doubts about its perfection, and on a sc ...only exception) and is always mentioned with that of the moon (which does in fact orbit the Earth each month, and likewise appears, to the unaided eye,

...he truth which is restored in the Qur'an. There is no documentary evidence in the textual traditions of those religions to support this claim, and since ...he printing press different versions of the same story as well as mistakes in transmission from one medium to the other are also to be expected.

...he truth which is restored in the Qur'an. There is no documentary evidence in the textual traditions of those religions to support this claim, and since ...he printing press different versions of the same story as well as mistakes in transmission from one medium to the other are also to be expected.

{{Main|Dhul-Qarnayn and the Sun Setting in a Muddy Spring - Part One}} ...ète simplement la lumière provenant du Soleil. Le mot arabe pour réfléchi (in`ikaas) n'apparaît pas dans les deux versets coraniques qui disent que la L