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...he idea of free will in [[Islam]], especially in light of Islam's doctrine of [[predestination]] (or qadr). Each of these four premises forms a mainstay of Islamic theological orthodoxy.

...ractitioners of any religious faith are simply to be reduced to the status of ''[[Jizyah]]''-paying [[Dhimmitude|''dhimmis'']].<ref>Gerhard Bowering, ed. ...ven if they convert to another monotheistic religion, must convert back to Islam, or be killed.

...wer and questions that cast a doubt on the truthfulness or authenticity of Islam. ==The phrase in Arabic==

...ial punishments for transgressions of female sexual norms compared to when the same offence was committed by men. {{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Wife Beating}}

...l explorations, and the spread of Sufi mysticism in the early centuries of the Islamic era are all described. ...t in the Islamic world, from Andalusia to India, from the ninth century to the present.

...significant evolution during the early part of the Islamic era, reflecting the emerging imperial environment. ==Jihad in the Qur'an==

The Seal of Prophethood (خاتم النبوة, ''khaatam an-nubuwa'') according to tra ...khaarim ul-anbiya'') which is Muhammad's title meaning that he is the last of prophets.

...mous with the Holy Spirit, even though the term was only used in Christian and Jewish literature to refer to god himself. ==Jibreel in the Qur'an==

Alongside [[Muhammad]] himself, who [[The Meaning of Consummate|consummated]] his [[marriage]] to nine [[Islamic Lunar Calendar| ...some sources suggest even younger). Umar was approximately 58 years old at the time.

...own examples of Muslim intolerance and disregard for [[Free Speech|freedom of speech]]. ...}} Cartoons 'part of Zionist plot'] - The Guardian, February 7, 2006</ref> The priest was shot from behind, while he remained knelt in prayer at church.

...ecific wishes for his creations. It stands in contrast to [[shirk]] in all of its forms. ==The word==

...'' (loyalty and disavowal). A Muslim is required to love what Allah loves, and hate what Allah hates. ...lah-- Our Lord! on Thee do we rely, and to Thee do we turn, and to Thee is the eventual coming:}}

This article analyzes the claim that Muslims 'saved' the works of Greek [[Philosophy|philosophers]] from destruction. ...rom the Greek, in the 12^th century, rather than, in most cases, the Arabic, which were only used where Latin texts could not be found or were u

...t, and the [[hudud]], which specify special punishments for transgressions of female sexual norms. {{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Wife Beating}}

...he World), by Rashid al-Din, published in Tabriz, Persia, 1307 A.D. Now at the Edinburgh University Library, Scotland.]] ...nlikely."<ref>Stephen Shoemaker, "Death of a Prophet", p. 301 footnotes 72 and 75.</ref>

...han are included in this series, see {{Main|Parallelism Between the Qur'an and Judeo-Christian Scriptures}} ...nd {{Quran-range|37|83|89}}). This has a strong parallel in Jewish Midrash and apocryphal literature.

...on that the other scriptures are corrupted almost impossible to escape for the orthodox Muslim. Allah brought down the Torah and the Gospel:

...n]] states the previous [[Islam and Scripture|scriptures]] (the [[Taurat]] and [[Injil]]) were physically corrupted. ...tians). Thus, the Qur'an is the 'return' to the true message of the God of the Bible.

...ensus of Islamic scholars or [[Muhammad]]'s [[companions]]), and some form of Qiyas (analogical reasoning). ...nce, or a daleel, for the establishment of this fact, such as witnesses to the contract or a document.<ref>www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e

...iversity Press, 2005, P. 140, ISBN 9780674017627</ref> It contains some of the earliest non-Muslim references to Prophet [[Muhammad]]. ==Text from the Haran Gawaitha==