Khadijah bint Khuwaylid: Difference between revisions

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==Marriage to Muhammad==
==Marriage to Muhammad==


Muhammad and Khadijah were married for 25 years. Modern biographies of Khadijah sometimes claim her duties during the first fifteen years of her marriage were "purely those of a housewife and a mother,"<ref>"''During the first fifteen years of her marriage, Khadija’s duties were purely those of a housewife and a mother.''" - Razwy, S. A. A. (1990). ''Khadija-Tul-Kubra: The Wife of the Prophet Muhammed'', p. 146. New York: Tahrike Tarsile Qur’an.</ref> or that she "decided to retire and enjoy a comfortable life with her husband who, on his part, preferred an ascetic life to that of money making."<ref>"''Khadija ... felt no need to keep trading and increasing her wealth; instead, she decided to retire and enjoy a comfortable life with her husband who, on his part, preferred an ascetic life to that of money making.''" - [http://www.al-islam.org/biographies/khadija.htm/ Al-Jibouri, Y. T. (1994). ''Khadija Daughter of Khuwaylid, Wife of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh).'']</ref>
Maometto e Khadijah furono sposati per 25 anni. Le biografie moderne di Khadijah a volte sostengono che i suoi compiti durante i primi 15 anni di matrimonio fossero "puramente quelli di una casalinga e di una madre,"<ref>"''During the first fifteen years of her marriage, Khadija’s duties were purely those of a housewife and a mother.''" - Razwy, S. A. A. (1990). ''Khadija-Tul-Kubra: The Wife of the Prophet Muhammed'', p. 146. New York: Tahrike Tarsile Qur’an.</ref> oppure che lei "decise di ritirarsi e godersi una vita comoda con suo marito, il quale, preferì una vita ascetica a quella del commerciante."<ref>"''Khadija ... felt no need to keep trading and increasing her wealth; instead, she decided to retire and enjoy a comfortable life with her husband who, on his part, preferred an ascetic life to that of money making.''" - [http://www.al-islam.org/biographies/khadija.htm/ Al-Jibouri, Y. T. (1994). ''Khadija Daughter of Khuwaylid, Wife of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh).'']</ref>


These creative interpretations do not accord with early records that Muhammad went into partnership with a Makhzumite, Qays ibn Saayib, and sold merchandise in his shop.<ref>Ibn Hanbal, ''Musnad'' vol. 4 p. 352.</ref> Since Muhammad was not producing anything by means of a craft, he could only have sold items in Mecca if he had imported them from elsewhere; and if he could pay for imports, he must have been exporting at a profit. In other words, Khadijah’s business continued after their marriage exactly as it had beforehand.
Queste interpretazioni creative non concordano con le prime fonti che mostrano che Maometto si associò con un Makhzumite, Qays ibn Saayib, e vendette mercanzia nel suo negozio.<ref>Ibn Hanbal, ''Musnad'' vol. 4 p. 352.</ref> Dato che Maometto non produceva niente di suo, poteva solo vendere oggetti a Mecca se li importava da qualche altra parte; e se poteva pagare le importazioni, doveva aver esportato con profitto. In altre parole gli affari di Khadijah continuarono dopo il suo matrimonio esattamente come prima.  


This circumstance explains a great deal about Muhammad’s relationship with Khadijah. His assertion that Khadijah “spent her wealth for me”<ref>Ibn Hanbal, ''Musnad'' vol. 6 pp. 117-118.</ref> indicates his keen awareness that the money was hers and not his. However important his managerial position in the family firm, and however generously Khadijah shared her wealth, she remained in control of her own money. Muhammad was effectively his wife’s employee. He was in no position to displease her, for he would have lost everything if he had dared to stray. Therefore he was not only faithful to Khadijah but he also allowed her to make all their major decisions.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 313.</ref> He was neither so faithful nor so obliging to any of his subsequent wives. In other words, Muhammad made the best husband to the only one of his wives who was able to dictate the terms of their relationship.
Questa circostanza spiega molto bene il senso della relazione di Maometto con Khadijah. La sua affermazione che "Khadijah ha speso la sua ricchezza per me"<ref>Ibn Hanbal, ''Musnad'' vol. 6 pp. 117-118.</ref> indica la sua ansia per il fatto che i soldi erano di lei e non suoi. Nonostante la sua importante posizione dirigenziale e quanto generosamente Khadijah condivise la sua ricchezza, rimase in controllo dei suoi soldi. Maometto era di fatto il dipendente di sua moglie. Non era in grado di dispiacere sua moglie, perché avrebbe perso tutto se avesse osato allontanarsi. Perciò non solo fu fedele a Khadijah ma le lasciò prendere tutte le decisioni più importanti.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 313.</ref> Non fu né fedele né cortese con nessuna delle sue mogli successive. In altre parole, Maometto fece il buon marito solo con quella moglie che era in grado di dettare i termini della loro relazione.


It should not be assumed that Muhammad’s fidelity to Khadijah caused him any particular hardship. She was equally faithful to him; and to judge by the regularity of her childbearing, his quickness to “draw close to her” for comfort,<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 106</ref> and her deliberate ploy of using sex to distract him from his troubles,<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 107; {{Tabari|6|p. 73}}.</ref> she made herself very sexually available to him. Muhammad’s compliance with this convenient arrangement therefore reveals more about his common sense than about his virtue.
Non bisogna assumere che la fedeltà di Maometto verso Khadijah gli sia venuta difficile. Lei gli fu fedele a sua volta; e a giudicare dal loro generare figli, la sua velocità nell' "avvicinarsi a lei" per conforto,<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 106</ref> e il suo piano deliberato di usare il sesso per distrarlo dai suoi guai,<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 107; {{Tabari|6|p. 73}}.</ref> lei si rese molto disponibile sessualmente. La compiacenza di Maometto verso questo accordo conveniente perciò rivela più il suo buon senso che la sua virtù.
 
==Figli==
 
Khadijah aveva già tre figli prima di questo matrimonio. È incredibile quanto poco si sappia di loro. Gli storici più tardi collezionarono avidamente ogni possibile informazione riguardante Maometto, addirittura come si lavava i denti<ref>{{Bukhari|1|4|245}}</ref> e come si comportava con dei sandali rotti.<ref>{{Muslim|24|5235}}</ref> La gente che visse sotto il suo tetto era altamente ricercata dagli storici come testimoni oculari. Nonostante ciò, quando le narrazioni furono scritte, quasi tutto ciò che riguardava i suoi figliastri era stato dimenticato. Questo indica che le loro vite non si incrociarono molto con la comunità musulmana.
 
[[File:KhadijaHouse.jpg|left|thumb|Le rovine della casa di Khadijah a Mecca.|250px]]


==Children==


Khadijah brought three stepchildren into the marriage. It is striking how little is known about them. Later historians eagerly collected every possible scrap of information about Muhammad, down to how he cleaned his teeth<ref>{{Bukhari|1|4|245}}</ref> and his attitude to a broken sandal.<ref>{{Muslim|24|5235}}</ref> People who had lived under his roof should have been in high demand as eyewitnesses. Yet by the time the traditions were committed to writing, almost everything about his stepchildren had been forgotten. This implies that their lives did not intersect very much with those of the Muslim community.


[[File:KhadijaHouse.jpg|left|thumb|The ruins of Khadijah’s house in Mecca.|250px]]
Given that girls were often married off at puberty, it is possible that Muhammad never lived with his stepdaughter, Hind bint Atiq. She married a Makhzumite cousin, Sayfi ibn Umayya, to whom she bore at least one son, Muhammad ibn Sayfi. Though this Muhammad in his turn had descendants, it was said that none of the family survived; yet there is not a word about how they died.<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:9.</ref>
 
Dato che le ragazze erano spesso date in sposa durante la pubertà, è possibile che Maometto non visse mai con la sua figliastra Hind bint Atiq. Lei sposò un cugino Makhzumite, Sayfi ibn Umayya, al quale diede almeno un figlio, Maometto ibn Sayfi. Sebbene questo Maometto ebbe una discendenza, è stato detto che nessuno della famiglia sopravvisse; pur non essendoci nemmeno una parola su come morirono.<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:9.</ref>


Khadijah’s two sons lived with Muhammad for several years,<ref>{{Tabari|9|p. 127}}. Note that Tabari assumes that Hind was a girl (''Hind'' and ''Hala'' were both unisex names, though more common for females), which only adds to the general confusion.</ref> and it is known that he liked to play with children.<ref>{{Bukhari|8|73|151}}. See also {{Bukhari|8|73|150}}.</ref> Of Hala it is recalled that “the Prophet arose and saw Hala in his room. He pressed him to his breast and uttered joyously: ‘Hala, Hala, Hala!’”<ref>Ibn Hajar, ''Al-Isaba'' 6:516:8919, cited in [https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http://www.kister.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/khadija.pdf&embedded=true/ Kister (1993)].</ref> If this was all anyone could remember, then nobody remembered very much. Hala was later killed in a street-brawl after he challenged a man who had insulted Muhammad.<ref>Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-Ashraf''; Ibn Hajar, ''AI-Isaba'' 1:604:1501; both cited in [https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http://www.kister.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/khadija.pdf&embedded=true/ Kister (1993)].</ref> This was probably before Islam,<ref>{{Tabari|39|pp. 79-80}}.</ref> as the Muslims never complained that their Prophet’s own stepson had been martyred for the cause.
Khadijah’s two sons lived with Muhammad for several years,<ref>{{Tabari|9|p. 127}}. Note that Tabari assumes that Hind was a girl (''Hind'' and ''Hala'' were both unisex names, though more common for females), which only adds to the general confusion.</ref> and it is known that he liked to play with children.<ref>{{Bukhari|8|73|151}}. See also {{Bukhari|8|73|150}}.</ref> Of Hala it is recalled that “the Prophet arose and saw Hala in his room. He pressed him to his breast and uttered joyously: ‘Hala, Hala, Hala!’”<ref>Ibn Hajar, ''Al-Isaba'' 6:516:8919, cited in [https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http://www.kister.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/khadija.pdf&embedded=true/ Kister (1993)].</ref> If this was all anyone could remember, then nobody remembered very much. Hala was later killed in a street-brawl after he challenged a man who had insulted Muhammad.<ref>Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-Ashraf''; Ibn Hajar, ''AI-Isaba'' 1:604:1501; both cited in [https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http://www.kister.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/khadija.pdf&embedded=true/ Kister (1993)].</ref> This was probably before Islam,<ref>{{Tabari|39|pp. 79-80}}.</ref> as the Muslims never complained that their Prophet’s own stepson had been martyred for the cause.
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