Jak islámští vynálezci nezměnili svět: Difference between revisions

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It was smallpox that was used for inoculation by the Turks, not cowpox. Inoculation was widespread at the time, and involved the use of smallpox scabs. The use of the much less dangerous cowpox virus to induce immunity is known not as inoculation, but as vaccination. It was in fact Jenner who first reported the use of cowpox to vaccinate against the much more lethal smallpox, hence he invented vaccination. And Yes, Jenner and Pasteur were not the inventors of inoculation but neither were the Muslims. What Paul seems to be continually doing is referring to anything that originated from the Eastern hemisphere (regardless of whether it was before or after the advent of Islam or not) as originating from 'the Muslim world' when even the most unenlightent amongst us will realize that China and India are not a part of this so-called Muslim world. It has been said that Inoculation against smallpox began in China during the 10<sup>th</sup> century,<ref name="The Genius of China"></ref> but the earliest documented reference to smallpox inoculation in China comes from text written in 1549.<ref>Joseph Needham, ''[http://amazon.com/dp/0521632625 Science and Civilization in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology]'', Part 6, Medicine, Cambridge University Press, 2000, pg. 134, ISBN 9780521632621</ref> The earliest known attempts to produce artificial immunity involved powdered smallpox scabs being blown into the sinuses, and in the 17<sup>th</sup> century, they prepared pills made from the fleas of cows in an effort to prevent the disease. In India, physicians conferred immunity by applying scabs to the scarified skin of the healthy. The technique of inoculation spread west to Turkey and then Europe.<ref>Christopher S. W. Koehler Ph.D., [{{Reference archive|1=http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/journals/mdd/v04/i10/html/10timeline.html|2=2011-02-08}} Science, “society”, and immunity], The American Chemical Society, MDD Vol. 4, No. 10, pp 59–60., October 2001</ref>
It was smallpox that was used for inoculation by the Turks, not cowpox. Inoculation was widespread at the time, and involved the use of smallpox scabs. The use of the much less dangerous cowpox virus to induce immunity is known not as inoculation, but as vaccination. It was in fact Jenner who first reported the use of cowpox to vaccinate against the much more lethal smallpox, hence he invented vaccination. And Yes, Jenner and Pasteur were not the inventors of inoculation but neither were the Muslims. What Paul seems to be continually doing is referring to anything that originated from the Eastern hemisphere (regardless of whether it was before or after the advent of Islam or not) as originating from 'the Muslim world' when even the most unenlightent amongst us will realize that China and India are not a part of this so-called Muslim world. It has been said that Inoculation against smallpox began in China during the 10<sup>th</sup> century,<ref name="The Genius of China"></ref> but the earliest documented reference to smallpox inoculation in China comes from text written in 1549.<ref>Joseph Needham, ''[http://amazon.com/dp/0521632625 Science and Civilization in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology]'', Part 6, Medicine, Cambridge University Press, 2000, pg. 134, ISBN 9780521632621</ref> The earliest known attempts to produce artificial immunity involved powdered smallpox scabs being blown into the sinuses, and in the 17<sup>th</sup> century, they prepared pills made from the fleas of cows in an effort to prevent the disease. In India, physicians conferred immunity by applying scabs to the scarified skin of the healthy. The technique of inoculation spread west to Turkey and then Europe.<ref>Christopher S. W. Koehler Ph.D., [{{Reference archive|1=http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/journals/mdd/v04/i10/html/10timeline.html|2=2011-02-08}} Science, “society”, and immunity], The American Chemical Society, MDD Vol. 4, No. 10, pp 59–60., October 2001</ref>


===The fountain pen===
===Plnicí pero===
{{Quote||Invented for the Sultan of Egypt in 953 after he demanded a pen which would not stain his hands or clothes. It held ink in a reservoir and, as with modern pens, fed ink to the nib by a combination of gravity and capillary action.<ref name="Paul Vallely"></ref>}}
{{Quote||Vynalezeno pro egyptského sultána roku 953 poté co požadoval pero, které by nazašpinilo jeho ruce nebo šaty. Drželo inkoust v nádrži a jako moderní pera, krmila hrot kombinací gravitace a vzlínání.<ref name="Paul Vallely"></ref>}}


The history of the fountain pen cannot begin otherwise than with the quill pen. The quill pen was used for the writings of Egyptian kings 4,000 years ago. They most often used a goose feather carved into a sharp tip and dipped into ink of vegetable origin. Though the first pencil was invented by Conrad Gessner in 1567<ref>Dennis B. Smith, [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.leadholder.com/lh-non-gesner.html|2=2011-02-08}} Conrad Gessner], Leadholder: The Online Drafting Pencil Museum</ref>, it remained like this until the end of the 18<sup>th</sup> century when the metal pen was invented. Daniel Schwenter wrote about the idea of creating a fountain pen in his ''Delicia Physic-Mathematicae'' in 1636 <ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/1881235|2=2011-02-08}} Daniel Schwenter], Academic dictionaries and encyclopedias</ref>; efforts to manufacture a pen with its own ink supply began in the year 1656. For example, Samuel Pepys had one in the year 1663. It functioned in such a way that a small pipe above the tip of the feather was filled with ink by means of a small piston. But a slightly more practically usable pen came to the world in the 19<sup>th</sup> century. A fountain pen which functioned on the same principle (a pen with a piston) was created by the inventor Folsch in 1809.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20070808094427/http://www.quido.cz/objevy/pero.a.htm Fountain pen], Quido Magazine</ref> Later in 1931, László Bíró presented the first ballpoint pen at the Budapest world fair,<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.sztnh.gov.hu/kiadv/ipsz/199608/biro.html|2=2011-02-08}} Golyó a tollban - megemlékezés Bíró László Józsefről (in Hungarian)], Hungarian Patent Office<!--  --></ref> the ballpoint pen was designed to use better ink that would not clog or smear.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/ballpen.htm|2=2011-02-10}} Ballpen], The Great Idea Finder, May 5, 2006</ref>
Historie plnícího pera nemůže začít jinak, než brkem. Brk byl používán pro psaní egyptských králů před 4000 lety. Většinou používali husí brk se zabroušenou špičkou a ponořovali jej do inkoustu ze zeleniny. Přestože první tužka byla vynalezena Conrad Gessnerem roku 1567<ref>Dennis B. Smith, [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.leadholder.com/lh-non-gesner.html|2=2011-02-08}} Conrad Gessner], Leadholder: The Online Drafting Pencil Museum</ref>, zůstalo to tak až do 18. století, kdy bylo vymyšleno kovové pero. Daniel Schwenter napsal o jeho nápadu vytvořit plnicí pero v jeho ''Delicia Physic-Mathematicae'' roku 1636 <ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/1881235|2=2011-02-08}} Daniel Schwenter], Academic dictionaries and encyclopedias</ref>; pokusy o výrobu pera s jeho vlastní zásobou inkoustu začalo roku 1656. Například Samuel Pepys měl jedno v roce 1663. Fungovalo tím způsobem, že malá roura nad špičkou brku byla naplněna pomocí malého pístu. Ale o něco více použitelné pero přišlo na svět v 19. století. Plnící pero, které fungovalo na stejném principu (pero s pístem) vynalezl Folsch roku 1809.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20070808094427/http://www.quido.cz/objevy/pero.a.htm Fountain pen], Quido Magazine</ref> Později roku 1931, László Bíró prezentoval první kuličkové pero v Budapešti,<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.sztnh.gov.hu/kiadv/ipsz/199608/biro.html|2=2011-02-08}} Golyó a tollban - megemlékezés Bíró László Józsefről (in Hungarian)], Hungarian Patent Office<!--  --></ref> kuličkové pero bylo designováno pro lepší použití inkoustu, který by se nerozmazával a nedělal kaňky.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/ballpen.htm|2=2011-02-10}} Ballpen], The Great Idea Finder, May 5, 2006</ref>


Those who claim that the fountain pen was invented in AD 953 by a Muslim need to produce both the evidence of a fountain pen, and evidence of the type of ink used.
Ti, kteří tvrdí, že kuličkové pero bylo vynalezeno roku 953 muslimem potřebují uvést nějaký důkaz plnicího pera a důkaz o typu použitého inkoustu.


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